Health Policy and Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health Policy and Politics - Essay Example These are remarkable benefits surfacing the prevailing health care reform program of the government. However, amidst all of these good promises, there still remain rumors and continuing negative feedbacks about this program. This leaves a place to reconsider this issue. The Congressional Budget Office projected that the deficit under health care budget is said to reduce in the years to come. In fact, the projection is for each family to save maximum of $2,300 in 2014 with health care reform (Whitehouse.gov, 2011). This amount could hardly be achieved without health care reform program as indicated in the projection. There might be some truth to this. However, there are other essential environmental factors that need to be taken into account. Considering for instance the unpredictability of the economy, the costs of medicines and other related medical needs cannot be projected at some point. This only implies that the said reform needs to adhere to the prevailing economic condition and other relevant environmental factors prior to the realization of what affordability really means to people. It is true that with health care reform program the expansion of coverage is remarkable compared to the traditional health care system. In fact, young adults can now actually stay on their parents’ health insurance plan (Whitehouse.gov, 2011). This sounds good to hear, but there are other considerations when it comes to the bottom line. Insurers for instance do not just operate without taking into account how much profit they should make. Considering the dependents are increasing, there are only two remarkable impacts on this. The first is to increase member contribution and the other would be to put certain limit on the coverage or even cut something on the quality. This can still provide the benefits but the issue is about maximizing them. The people always have the final say on

Alcohol Research Paper Essay Example for Free

Alcohol Research Paper Essay Alcohol plays too significant a role in society today and should be an after thought as opposed to the most essential addition to any social event. Alcohol creates numerous social, economic, and health problems that could very easily be stopped if it played a less influential role in every day events. The use of alcohol is prominent in, but not limited to three social circles that include students, family groups, and religious gatherings. Experts have much to say about alcohol use and abuse in these three categories, including all of the negative aspects of drinking. Social drinking is a common occurrence around America. Whether it is after work or after a football game, white collar or blue, two-thirds of the American population sit down at least once a week to enjoy an alcoholic beverage (Med. unc. edu). Many of these people do not realize that drinking is what leads to uncontrolled behavior, drunk driving, and in the long run, addiction. They are thinking only of the short-term effects, not the negative long-term consequences. People who regularly turn to alcohol eventually begin to neglect their families and other responsibilities, consequently wrecking the lives of loved ones and their own as well. While the lasting negative effects of alcohol use are spewed daily through the media, the problems will not stop until society completely understands how alcohol can indeed pose a serious threat to the nations social welfare. Alcohol has an adverse effect on the economy. The consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence cost the nation an estimated $99 billion each year (Gordis, 209). It is tax money that pays for alcoholics who both live on the street and are barely getting by or who are in government-funded hospitals and institutions. The United States should either find an alternative way to take care of these people or perhaps raise liquor taxes. Either one of these options would conceivably minimize the economical problems caused by alcoholic beverages. It is not the responsibility of the people as a whole to take care of the homeless people who have fallen prey to the lure of alcohol related problems. As of 1991, about 14 million Americans met medical diagnostic criteria for alcohol abuse or alcoholism. There are numerous health problems that are linked to drinking. For instance, if alcohol is consumed during pregnancy, birth defects may result, worse, the baby could be born addicted to alcohol (Kellam, 30). High doses of alcohol have also been found to delay puberty in females and slow bone growth and result in weaker bones (Windle, 179). One of the main risks of drinking alcoholic beverages is having a stroke. A review of epidemiological evidence concludes that moderate alcohol consumption increases the potential risk of strokes caused by bleeding (Camargo, 1620). Another medical problem that involves alcohol is the use of prescription medications. Alcohol may interact harmfully with more that 100 medications, including some sold over the counter. The effects of alcohol are especially augmented by medications that depress the function of the central nervous system, such as sleeping pills, sedatives, and antidepressants, and certain painkillers (Thomas, 336). Upon understanding the risks of drinking, some people would surely stop. Better health is a good reason to do so. One of the main groups of alcohol users is high school and college students. Despite a legal drinking age of 21, many young people in the United States consume alcohol. There are several factors that put youth at risk for drinking and for alcohol-related problems and also several consequences of their drinking. Thirteen- to fourteen- year-olds are at high risk to begin drinking. This is a confusing stage in their life and they are easily pressured into doing things they would not normally do. Also at high risk are twins and adopted children. Studies of these two groups demonstrate that genetic factors influence an individuals vulnerability to alcoholism. Children of alcoholics are more likely than children of nonalcoholics to imitate drinking during adolescence and develop alcoholism, but the relative influence of environment and genetics have not been determined and vary among people (Chassin, 453). Advertising has also been found to play an influencing role in adolescents decision to drink. Research has assessed the effects of alcohol advertising awareness on intentions to drink. In a study of fifth- and sixth-graders awareness measured by the ability to identify products in commercials with the product name blocked out awareness had a small but statistically significant relationship to positive expectancies about alcohol and intention to drink as adults (Grube, 257). Although there are many risk factors inviting youths to drink, one of the most prevalent is peer drinking and acceptance of drinking. If one minor sees another drinking he would most likely find it acceptable and join his friend. If all of these risk factors were reduced, say, less advertising of alcohol where children will likely be influenced, children would not find it as acceptable to drink and would probably not start off so young or abstain wholly. Though the prevalence of binge drinking varies among campuses, the overall statistics are alarming. A 1993 survey by 18,000 students at 140 colleges in 40 states found that 44% of the students drank heavily (med.unc. edu). In an effort to curb students thirst for alcoholic beverages, many schools are trying to come up with alternatives to promoting social events that involve alcohol. Colby University has come up with a new program that offers students an alternative to getting ? sloshed. Faculty and students there have formed a committee that will recommend a reorganization of social functions. One of their recommendations was that the student association spend at least 50% of their funds exclusively alcohol free events. The other 50% of the funds may be used for entertainment, decorations, or refreshments, but may not be used for the purchase of alcohol (colby. edu). More schools should take part in this kind of rehabilitation, not only does it give the school a positive reputation, but it gives the student s more time to concentrate on the reason that they are there which is to learn. Serving food, non-alcoholic drinks, offering activities and entertainment such as games and music, and ceasing to give alcohol two hours before the end of the party are all ideas that will promote safe social scenes and responsible parties. One way to deter younger drinkers from becoming addicts is to step up the punishment for law-breakers who have a blood alcohol concentration indicating public intoxication. Whether it is as minor as carrying a fake identification card or as major as a drunk driving accident, offenders who break the law while legally intoxicated should be punished to the full extent of the law. Alcohol abusers, these risk takers and law-breakers, may realize after being punished once or twice that this is not the path they should take. Sobriety is a great thing, and the choice to be sober is one that should have positive connotations as opposed to the negative ones that go with drinking and being drunk. Learning at a young age that alcohol is not the great thing that everyone makes it out to be is a step in the right direction. We really should start now on a program that gives every child from kindergarten to college factual, unbiased training about alcohol. Then in a couple of generations wed see fewer problems. Most people would have learned to drink responsibly. (Weiner, 93) The earlier people learn, the best it will be for them and society in general.

Examine The Export Led Growth Strategy Economics Essay

Examine The Export Led Growth Strategy Economics Essay Introduction This paper is focused to examine the export-led growth strategy. This is always believed that the developing countries can enhance their economy growth through the export promotion strategies. The economists such as Giles and Williams (1999) mentioned about export led growth which strategy have positive relationship between export and economy growth. There are number of factors are highlighted in literature review which are responsible most in the export led growth model. All factors are mentioned in this paper in detail. This strategy has been adopted by many developing countries and emerging countries to become out from recession. Some countries are successful to achieve their development goals but some are not. This paper research is based on secondary data research. The secondary data research provides wide range of data to analysis. For example Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) report says that the analysis is based on primary as well as secondary data, while the primary survey pr ovides limited information for the requisite analysis, the secondary database has been a major source of detailed firm- and plant-level analysis. The secondary database provided a rich source of plant-level data which has been used extensively in the analysis. The capitaline database provides data on more than 14,000 Indian listed and unlisted companies classified under more than 300 industries. The information used is based on FDI actually received (SEBASTIAN, N.J, 2010). In this report books, articles and journals used to examine the export-led growth and development policies of countries. The statics and data have collected from World Bank, Asian development bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) reports. The debate is not new, in past two decades number of studies analysed on exports and economy development. Past studies such as (Krueger, 1978; Chenery, 1979; Tyler, 1981; Kavoussi, 1984; Balassa, 1985; Ram, 1985, 1987; Chow, 1987; Fosu, 1990; and Salvatore and Hatcher, 1991) in the favour of export led growth and economy development, but other studies such as ( Jung and Marshal, hereafter referred as JM,1985; Kwan and Cotsomitis, 1990; Ahmad and Kwan, 1991; Dodaro, 1993; Oxley, 1993; Yaghmaian, 1994; and Ahmad and Harnhirum, hereafter referred as AH, 1995) argue against the economy development. While we are examining the export led growth model in the point of view economy growth, then we also need to focus on globalisation as well. There are many types of globalisation for example globalisation of culture, globalisation of economy and globalisation of society. According to the Walker en Fox (1992) (MOSTERT, J, 2003) the global integration of the financial markets can be seen as an example globalisation. Walker en Fox argues than the process of financial globalisation is the most important part of the process of globalisation. Globalisation is the most important part of economy, Brittan (1998:2) states that as a whirlwind of relentless and disruptive c hange which leaves governments helpless and leaves a trail of economic, social cultural and environmental problems in its wake (MOSTERT, J, 2003). The world is connecting to each other via new technology, via phones, via satellite etc. But before 50 years ago it was not much easier then today. For example today Asian countries got number of mobile users. The big telecom companies of UK such as Vodafone and O2 are already invested in India (south Asia). Baldwin and Martin (1999) mentioned that the innovations and advances in transportation, information and communications technologies (RAJAN, Graham Bird and Ramkishen S., 2001). This report is mainly examining the export led growth model in developing countries. This paper examines the south Asia part of world and chosen country is India. This report is structured as section 2 brings overview of globalisation and literature review of globalisation, section 3 highlighted the economic globalisation and in section 4 impact of globalisati on, in further section 5 is about the overview of developing economies, section 6 spells out export led growth model and literature review of export led growth model, section 7 presents the some recommendations on the basis empirical studies result, the section 8 will discussed about the export promotion strategies which are adopted by India and critical examine the strengths and weakness of these promotion strategies, in the final part of this report is section 9 summarizes the discussion and conclusion. Overview of Globalisation Globalisation is the modern way which is changing the world trade system and world politics. The globalisation is the way to reduces the barriers between two countries and interchange the goods, services, labour and capital. Globalisation is popular and cheapest way to reduce the transportation cost, communication cost. It is the faster way to communicate, lower trade barriers and to raise the capital flows. In the result of globalisation the developing economies becoming more close with the world. As per United Nations University, In the new era of growing integration of economies and societies, individuals and corporations reach around the world further, faster, and more economically than before (HESHMATI, Almas, 2005). Literature review of Globalisation Globalization has its roots in the second-half of the eighteenth century. The period 1870-2000 is classified into (i) the first wave of globalization 1870-1913, (ii) the de-globalization period of 1913-50, (iii) the golden age of 1950-73, and (iv) the second wave of globalization from 1973 onwards (see ORourke and Williamson 2000; ORourke 2001; Maddison 2001; Williamson 2002; and World Bank 2002) (HESHMATI, Almas, 2005). Globalisation is a term that has become very popular and used in many different contexts in the literature. Before the impact of globalisation on Africa can be evaluated it is crucial that the meaning of globalisation should be clarified. The definition of globalisation should also be distinguished from terms like internationalization, regionalization and liberalization (MOSTERT, J, 2003). Some claims that globalisation is the breakdown between countries border, economy and communities. Giddens (1999) has characterized as a runway world. For better or worse, he says, We are being propelled into a global order that no one fully understands, but which is making its effects felt upon all of us (HELD, David, 2000). But we look other definition of globalisation given by Guy Brainbant, he says the process of globalisation not only includes opening up of world trade, development of advanced means of communication, internationalisation of financial markets, growing importance of MNCs, population migrations and more generally increased mobility of persons, goods, capital, data and ideas but also infections, diseases and pollution (GOYAL, Krishn A, 2006). He also pointed out the negative aspects of globalisation as well. O Brien (1992:5) also links the definition of globalisation to geographical borders. OBrien distinguishes between national, international, offshore and global. National transactions take place between businesses in the same country (MOSTERT, J, 2003). In the end globalisation is related with exchange of service, goods or capital between countries. As Redding (1999:19) defines globalisation the increasing integration between the markets for goods, services and capital, Reddings definition also links globalisation to the breakdown of borders (MOSTERT, J, 2003). The Globalisation is transforming trade, finance, employment, migration, technology, communications, the environment, social systems, and ways of living, cultures and patterns of governance (STREETEN, Paul, 1998). Economic globalisation The concept of globalisation is very broad. The different people have different views and definitions about globalisation. Some economists view globalisation as positive effects on the world economy and world trade but some says globalisation has negative effects as well (see Bhagwati, 2002) (BHAGWATI, J, 2002). Today as we see the cultural, political and technological globalisation is important but we cant ignore economic globalisation as well. Robinson (2001) mentioned that the fulcrum of the various definitions of globalization seems to be wealth or economic development, the parameters within which many schools of thought view globalization is usually based on trade or economic activity (OBADAN, Mike I., 2008). The debate about globalisation is the lack of a clearly agreed definition of the concept- the word globalisation exists with many interpretations- but a clear concept is often missing (HELD, David, 2000). But if we see in general definition of globalisation is that it is fr ee movement of goods, service, labour and capital across borders (HESHMATI, Almas, 2005). As this concept is not new debate globalisation was started from 18th century and now it is in second phase. Whenever the economic crisis came in world for example after World War II or 1991 the countries started international trade. The motive behind this only is economic growth. In today competitive world every country wants to compete other and want to become a rich and powerful country of the world. For example China and India they opened their gate for trade with world and they are on the top in economy growth. However globalisation is not only economic globalisation or not only social or political or cultural globalisation, in other words globalisation is a multifaceted (Daouas, 2001; Obadan, 2001b and 2002b; IMF Staff, 2002; UNDP (Nigeria), 2001, etc) (OBADAN, Mike I., 2008). The economic globalisation is the central term concept of globalisation. International trade is participating in shrink the world. For example in UK or USA you can get easily Asian food or goods, the main exports are India and Pakistan. Brazil is the worlds no.1 coffee exports and Malaysia is the worlds no.1 AC (Air Conditioner) supplier. Another example is Multinational Companies become the main careers of the economic globalisation like McDonalds, KFC and some examples of merger of MNC such as Tata Motors (India) merger with Jaguar (UK) and Tata India merger with Bangladeshi company to make bicycle for exports to USA. In 1996, there were altogether only more than 44,000 MNCs in the whole world, which had 280,000 overseas subsidiaries and branch offices. In 1997, the volume of the trade of only the top 100 MNCs already came up to 1/3 of the worlds total and that between their parent companies and their subsidiaries took up another 1/3. In the US$ 3,000 billion balance of foreign direct investment at the end of 1996, MNCs owned over 80%. Furthermore, about 70% of international technological tr ansfers were conducted among MNCs (SHANGQUAN, GAO, 2000). The globalisation mostly viewed as context of economics but it include human rights and reduce the cost of transport, labour cost, communication cost. The main influence of globalisation on the world is to reduce the poverty. For example 30 years ago countries like India and China were very poor, but today these two countries have high purchasing power more than USA or any other developed country. Impact of Globalisation Globalization has accelerated growth in the region and contributed to poverty reduction (GHANI, Ejaz and Anand, Rahul, 2009). The impact of globalisation is different on developing and different on developed countries. Brittan (1998:8) indicated that globalisation led to an increase in the wealth of developed countries and also not to bigger poverty in the developing countries. As an example of the improvement in the developing countries Brittan referred to the improvement in the economic situation in the Asian countries (MOSTERT, J, 2003). But Hak-Min (1992:2) argued against the Brittan, he mentioned that the distribution of income between developed and developing countries has become less skewed by indicating that globalisation in the integrated world economy has lead to industrial growth in a limited number of developed countries. There are number of definitions of globalisation and thousands of critics as well in this world. In June 1996 at Communiquà © of the Lyon Summit of G7 the given the statement on the impact of globalisation, In an increasingly interdependent world, we must all recognize that we have an interest in spreading the benefits of economic growth as widely as possible and in diminishing the risk either of excluding individuals or groups in our own economies or excluding countries or regions from the benefits of globalisation (MUBIRU, Edward, 2003). According to Killick (2000) a significant part of the world and a large numbers of countries are now effectively participating in the processes of integration and globalisation. In this regard globalisation may be thought of as the integration of economies through trade, capital flows and information technology (MUBIRU, Edward, 2003). Frankel (2000:2) view globalisation as being one of the most powerful forces to have shaped the world economy during the past 50 years (LOOTS, ELSABE, 2001). In past two decades world economy is rapidly growing up. The world economy growth in 2010 is rose up as com pare to 2008-2009. According to CIA since 1946 economic crisis the gross world product grew by 4.6% on the bounced of exports (CIA, 2011). It will be continuing in 2011 and 2012 as well. According to IMF report expected economic growth at about 41/2 percent in both year (IMF, 2011). Amazingly the exports boost by 20% in 2010 from 2009. The above table shows about the largest economies of the world which GDP growth rate is very high and rapidly increasing. These five countries are world main exports, for example China in manufacturing, India for service and manpower, Taiwan in electronics, Brazil for coffee and transport equipment and South Korea is for semiconductors and wireless communication. (CIA, 2011) Largest Economies GDP (%) China +10.1 India +8.3 Taiwan +8.3 Brazil +7.5 South Korea +6.1 Table : Largest Economies GDP Among large economies, China (+10.1%), Taiwan (+8.3%), India (+8.3%), Brazil (+7.5%), and South Korea (+6.1%) recorded the biggest GDP gains-China also became the worlds largest exporter. Continuing uncertainties in mortgage and financial markets resulted in slower growth in Japan (+3.0%), the US (+2.8%), and the European Union (+1.7%), (CIA, 2011). The China and India has surprised the world by their economic growth. The China has gain economy by exports of manufacturing products. For example, Australia and China free trade agreement in 2002 (MAI, Dr Yinhua et al., 2005). Country like India is main manpower and service supplier for USA. India opened the trade gate after 1991 crisis. As per previous studies of impact of globalisation is the key event in world economy. According to Akin and Kose, during this gradual process, several emerging countries have gained in economic importance and have begun to influence economic developments in other countries (FIDRMUC, JARKO and KORHONEN, I IKKA, 2009). China is one of the most important exporting and importing nations worldwide. India seems to be following the development path of China more recently (see winter and Yusuf, 2007, and Yusuf et al., 2007), although India concentrates more on services than does manufacturing-oriented China (FIDRMUC, JARKO and KORHONEN, IIKKA, 2009). From last empirical studies and data statics we got the result that globalisation has participated a lot to boost up international trade. The international trade is the fast way to boost up economy and cash flows. The countries always implement new policies and international trade policies such as free trade and export led growth. Developing countries main focus is export led growth. The researchers mentioned that export led growth as hypothesis which gives country to achieve their development goals. Before we go further first need to know what is export led growth model. After that this report will focus on a one of developing country which is already focusing on this model and gained their economy up. The chosen country is India and India is developing country and situated in south Asia. The crisis came in 1991 India was affected most in the world. After the crisis India opened their trade gates and implements some new export promotion programmes. From the time period till now India is almost successful to achieve their goals. To get better understanding on India and these export promotions discussed later in this paper. This report will also examine the strengths and weakness of programmes which India set to achieve their development goals. On the basis of past empirical studies and research this paper will suggest some possible recommendations. Further start with export led growth, on the basis of past empirical studies we will try to find the definition of this model and also will focus on to find the relationship of export led growth and international trade. Overview of Developing Economies The World Bank has divided the world economies in three parts. First is developed economies means which countrys economy is high , second is developing countries which countrys economies is growing up and last one is least developed country which means poor countries. The developing world described as Africa, Asia and Latin America as compared to industrialized world such as Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America and Japan (NAYYAR, Deepak, 2009). The division of world economies concept came in 19th century. While the world economy was increasing up in 19th century then the second phase of globalisation was started. We already discussed above about the globalisation and impact of globalisation on world economy. The developing country such as China is the important source for the world economy. China is following by India and there are more country will be in count in further time. China and India average growth rate surprised world economy. Today almost big countries are tradin g with china. China main export is manufacturing products and India is service. Why Country Do Export In general way export is the growth engine. There are lot of benefits are involved with international trade. The main reason for trade is comparative advantage. According to Feder (1982) exports helps economy in many ways such as greater capacity utilization, economies of scale, incentives for technological improvement and pressure of foreign competition, leading to more efficient management (IBRAHIM, Izani, 2002). Due to globalisation every country wants to become on peak. For example Brazil produces coffee most in the world and India is best in natural resources and tea. Iran and Iraq has lot oil to export to world. These country exports their products on high price unless they sell their product on domestic demand. According to Monir Tayeb (2000) countries do export because they presumed to supply foreign markets because it is profitable for them to do so (TAYEB, Monir H., 2000). He also mentioned that countries also interested to do Inter-industry trade (IIT); this is one type of international trade which is mentioned by Monir Tayeb (2000). The definition of IIT is that when a country tends to export one good and import a wholly different type of good. For example UK exports whiskey and imports the Brandy. Italy exports the wine to Germany and at the same time that it also imports German wines. In other way Inter-Industry trade occurs when two countries exchange different varieties of essentially the same type of good (TAYEB, Monir H., 2000). The question is what another benefits are involve with export? The different countries have different requirements for example in poor countries they export for economic growth and developing countries interested to do with both benefits development of their countries and comparative advantage. The developed country like USA has massive production of goods and electronic products so they do export to become more beneficial. But the most important is involved with export is government policies. How country export and wh at is the barriers for trade this is always decided by their governments. As per theoretical studies we will talk about the possible benefits which are involved with exports. So first is the comparative advantage second is economic growth and third is the development of country. First start with comparative advantage: Comparative Advantage: The British economist David Ricardo (1817) invented the theory of comparative advantage. The basic concept of advantage theory was written by Adam Smith in 1766 he set brought the theory of absolute advantage. He argued that countries would tend to specialise in international trade and in particular, that they would export goods they produced more cheaply than their trading partners and import goods they produced more expensively (TAYEB, Monir H., 2000). The above table is giving the simple hypothetical example of absolute advantage. Country Whisky (Cost per unit) Brandy (Cost per unit) United Kingdom  £7.00  £8.50 France  £8.50  £7.00 Source: Monir Tayeb (2000) In the example the UK whiskey is cheaper than France and the France Brandy is more cheaply then UK, because the consumer purchase France brandy from British sources and British consumers also do same they purchase from French suppliers. The key features of international trade are specialisation and exchange. Both countries are specialising in production of goods and they are exchanging their products to get benefit from absolute advantage. This concept simply says that it is good for both nations. This is good for world economy as well. Both countries who has good production of products and they can exchange their product on free trade agreement they will be beneficial both of them because they establishing their international market. This is also good for people because they are getting products on less money. Ricardo theory is based on physical and natural influences over competitiveness, technological and human factors which were given by shortly economists. The most effective mod el of comparative advantage was Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) theorem. This model originally developed by Heckscher (1919) and Ohlin (1933) and today as Heckscher-Ohlin comparative model. This model assumption is about capital and labour. For example Japan makes the robots to assemble the cars and other motors. The key thing is the labour is costly than compared to Japan. For example India total export in 2010 was $201 billion and total import was $327 billion in the world it shows India import goods more than export. This country is exchanging their products such as petroleum products, precious stones, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, vehicles, apparel. The main exports partners are UAE 12.87%, US 12.59%, China 5.59%. The other thing is very important to notice is the role of government policies and financial institutions to get better advantage of comparative advantage. The studies for example Memedovic (1994) included the type of state (class base, administrative capacity and mode o f intervention) and argued that the help of the government can bring about changes in comparative advantage (SIEGFRIED BENDER, Kui-Wai Li, 2002). This is true the country do export because they have advantage of cheap labour. For example USA multinational companies have number of call centres in India. The USA average employee wages per hour is $18.00 to $22.00 per hour. But in India they are getting employee on $111 per month. India is the number one service exporter for USA. The below example is also of comparative advantage. Example: Comparative Advantage Lets quantify comparative advantage with an imaginary example. Suppose an acre of land in Canada can produce either 1 unit of wheat or 2 units of corn.3 And suppose an acre in the U.S. can produce either 3 units of wheat or 4 units of corn. The U.S. then has absolute advantage in both wheat (3 units vs. 1) and corn (4 units vs. 2). But we are twice as productive in corn and thrice as productive in wheat, so we have comparative advantage in wheat. Source: (FLETHER, Ian, 2010) The other model of comparative advantage named the specific factors theory is associated with Jones (1971). This model is only based on one factor is labour. But the H-O model considered two factors labour and capital. The below table is example of H-O comparative advantage model: Country Man-Made Fabric actual cost Opportunity Cost Cotton fabric actual cost Opportunity cost UK  £300 0.92  £325 1.08 Turkey 4500 TL 1.06 4250 TL 0.94 Source: Hecksher-Ohlin comparative advantage p.17 (TAYEB, Monir H., 2000) The above example is showing the labour cost difference between UK and Turkey. So this is also comparative advantage for the countries. Porter (1990) mentioned some competitive advantages in his study. The above are the advantages which Porter (1990) mentioned: The availability of skilled labour Locally available technology and know how Access to suppliers of key inputs Market proximity The local cost of inputs Vernons (1966) product life cycle theory is also important in trade. He determined that every product has life cycle, once product has launched it is in introduction stage, once product people used and the product become popular on domestic level. In short time the product start export to world. In the end we can say if country is interested to do export because of comparative advantage and economy growth as well. Export Led Growth In past decades there are many empirical studies has been analysed on export-led growth and world economy. The main topic for these studies was to examine the relation between exports and economic growth for example Giles and Williams (2000). Most of studies were focus on exports and GDP, but some other studies such as Hatemi-J and Irandoust (2001), Hacker and Hatemi-J (2003) and Bernard and Jensen (2004) focused on the exports and total factor productivity (TFP) growth. While these studies were focusing on Exports and GDP or TFT but studies such as Murphy, Shleifer, and Vishny (1989) were purposed the theory of Big Push industrialization1. Murphy, Shleifer and Vishny (1989) said that simultaneous industrialization of many sectors can be self-sustaining and profitable even if no sector can break even when investing alone.2 After the crisis of 1991 many Asian countries were under the recession time but countries like Thailand, Malaysia found the external way to overcome recession time . According to Felipe (2003) Since the East Asian financial crisis erupted in 1997, countries in the Asian and Pacific region have been immersed in a search exercise to identify what policies led to the crisis and recession, and what alternative set of policies would lead them back to a path of sustained and higher growth rates. The Asian countries were trying to rebalance their economy and GDP, for example Jomo (1998), Seguina (2000), Lim (2004) said that The majority view has been that the crisis was the consequence of a fundamental flaw in precrisis financial policies, which led to currency overvaluation, over borrowing, and over lending for the domestic economy; and speculative bubbles that eventually burst. The Thai government development policy was based on dual track strategy (Lian 2004). Relationships between Export and Economic Growth (Literature Review) This debate is controversy and number of empirical studies done already. Some authors suggested that open economy has positive effects on growth more than close economies (Sachs and Warner, 1995; Edwards, 1992, 1993, 1998; Srinivasan and Bhagwati, 1999; Krueger, 1997; Ben-David and Kimhi, 2000) (FREDERICO G. JAYME, Jr, 2001). Empirical evidence from developing countries support studies such as Taylor, 1993; McCombie and Thirlwall, 1999; Blecker, 1999b; Helleiner, 1996; UNCTAD, 1995 (FREDERICO G. JAYME, Jr, 2001). Trade is the key concept for the countries to grow. For example countries like Malaysia, China, India and Brazil they all are got benefits from trade. The countries do export for comparative advantage. For example Brazil is number one coffee production country and world main coffee exporter as well. The trade is the only way to right use of economys resources by imports of goods and service otherwise they have to sell at home with high resources cost. For example Ricardian m odel says that the welfare gains if any country specializes in producing goods in which it has a comparative advantage (FREDERICO G. JAYME, Jr, 2001). The Hecksher-Ohlin-Samuelson (H-O-S) model, on the other hand, shows the welfare gains, In the two-country model that each country specializes based on their factor endowments. The result of these models is that international trade is the way to achieve the international competitiveness and static productivity. International trade enable to countries reduce the transportation cost, production cost and reduce the labour cost in case of developing countries. Beck (2002) mentioned that Financial development and international trade are identified as macroeconomic variables as being highly correlated with economic growth performance across countries in the empirical growth literature (UDDIN, Md. Gazi Salah, 2005). The other example of empirical study of economic growth is Calderon and Liu (2003) says that the relationship between financial development and economic growth has now well recognized in the literature that financial development is crucial for economic growth and Chang (2002) mentioned that it is a necessary condition for achieving a high rate of economic growth (UDDIN, Md. Gazi Salah, 2005). Trade has a strong positive relationship with economic growth (Mazur and Alexander, 2001) (UDDIN, Md. Gazi Salah, 2005). Trade allows countries to set a large market for their domestic products. The two studies Prebisch (1950) and Singer (1950) about the effects of trade on income are based on two grounds First, incessant decrease in the international price of raw materials and primary commodities would lead, without industrialization in developing countries, to more profound differences between developed and developing countries. Second, for their Industrialization, developing economies require short or medium term protection of their infant industries. Furthermore, the structure of trade, under which exports are conc entrated on a few primary products and imports are constituted mostly by manufactured goods, renders developing countries overly dependent and vulnerable (RAZAFIMAHEFA, HAMORI Shigeyuki and Ivohasina F., 2003). The others author such as Levine and Renelt (1992) and Rodriguez and Rodrik (1999) emphasize on trade effects on economic growth. There are most studies done in the favour of trade effects on growth but there are some studies which are contradicted with these studies. For example Rodrik [1995] argues that in most studies of openness and growth, indicators used inappropriately reflect the trade regime (RAZAFIMAHEFA, HAMORI Shigeyuki and Ivohasina F., 2003). Edwards (1997) tests, for a data set of 93 countries, the robustness of the impact of trade on growth by introducing first alternatively and then simultaneously nine measures of openness. He said that each proxy for openness is correlated positively with economic growth and the composite index from those proxies also enters with a positive coefficient in the growth regression. Krueger (1978) study tested two hypotheses which has positive effects of openness on growth, first is more liberalized regimes result in higher rates of growth of exports, and second is a more liberalized trade sector has a positive effect on aggregate growth. Feder (1982) he analysed the set of 31 semi-industrialized count

The Lord Of The Flies: The Hunts :: essays research papers

A running theme in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies is the hunts and their progression, as well as symbolic meaning it possesses as the hunts continue. The hunts always ultimately revert back to an evil and primitive nature. The cycle of man’s rise to power, or righteousness, and his inevitable fall from grace is an important point that Golding proves again and again. Lord of the Flies, is a story of a group of boys of different backgrounds who are marooned on an unknown island when their plane crashes. As the boys try to organize and formulate a plan to get rescued, they begin to separate and as a result of a decision a band of savage tribal hunters is formed. Eventually the boys almost entirely shake off civilized behavior. Jack has always been an ill-natued boy even from the start of the book when he told Piggy to "Shut up, Fatty." (p.23). Dispite Jack’s unpleasent personality, his lack of courage and his conscience preventing him from killing the first pig they encountered. "They knew very well why he hadn’t; because of the enormity of the knife decending and cutting into living flesh; because of the unbearable blood." (p.34) When Jack was chosen to keep the fire going, he decides to get meat instead of tending to the fire. His pursuit for killing a pig is symbollizing a sexual desire built into human nature. While he was out pursuing the pig, the fire went out. This symbollized the fact that Jack's sexual desires led him away from hope and deeper into despair. Jack represents a Satan like, deathly force. The blood that he wallows in is a further representation of deathliness. After his first kill, "Jack transferred the knife to his left hand and smudged blood over his forehead as he pushed down the plastered hair," he unconsciously imitates the ritual of the tribal initiation of the hunter, whose face is covered with the blood of his first kill. Jack then successfully convinces many big'uns and little'uns to come along with him and join a tribe of savages. These savages have face-paint on, which makes them anonymous. This anonimity allows for each tribe member to do things he would not have normally done because of the fear of being judged by society. They basically had no shame left. So they went out, killed a pig, acted as if they were raping it, and cut off its head.

Chris Herren Unguarded: American Dream or American Tragedy?

Chris Herren is a star and an icon of achievement that America has had. This young man has made remarkable strides in bringing American dream to come true. This is a dream that dictates that every American should not just strive to seek for what the nation can do to them but rather they should bring something to the state. Herren is doing these things through the organization that he has formed as discussed in the paper. However, coming to recognition and an appreciation as to whether Herren is an America Dream or American Tragedy is a matter of discussion.This paper analyzes this dilemma by examining the life of Herren right from high school; and how he has pursued his dream (Reynolds, 90). The paper brings and discusses the bad influence that this young man has had in the country. Hreen has been recorded to be one of the players that have been in constant use of drug for a long time. This paper however depicts Herren as a productive man to the United States of America. Herren, a yo ung man with a predictable bright future joined Durfee School, which is located in Fall River.The young ambitious gentle man started the journey of his life and everybody who knew him saw light and life in him. Like any bright chap, he passed his final exams, which made him to be recognized among students. This made him to be awarded scholarship at the University of Kentucky and Duke University. It is in the America dream to invest into the education of its citizens. Through education, America empowers human resource to come up with a stronger society. This is a nice move to make for any government. This is why the American government invests in the education of young fellows like Herren.Herren was indeed a star that the government had while he was in high school. However, the young man had a different influence from his childhood. Herren was living with his family in Durfee. In Dufree, this family was deeply engrossed in basketball as a game. The culture of this family had influenc e in the life of Herren. The young man developed strong passion for basketball that he made decisions to follow his passion. One of the key ways through which one becomes self actualized is to follow one’s passion and achieve what one so desire (Elsemann, 54).This pursuit of basketball as career made Herren to overlook and turn down the scholarship offer that he from Duke University and Kentucky and Boston College. Herren seemed to be a disappointment to the desires of the nation, which yearn to have all its citizens educated. Herren seemed to be a disappointed to the government but his choice was yet to bring him to the light of stars. Herren is an icon of faith and an inspiration of pursuit of one’s goals. Fortunately, because his dreams were aligned to the major of Boston College, he joined the college purposely for basketball.His performance were marked by excellence that his name dominated the Rolling Stone and Sports Illustrated of Boston. He worn many trophies a nd brought pride to the nation. His victories were recognizable achievement that could not be ignored. Everybody was happy with his achievement. However, this recognition and honor did not last for long. Herren apparently fail several drug tests. This is a disappointing episode in Herren’s life. Nobody could admire to associate with his name in spite of his achievement. Drug is a very destructive thing more so cocaine and marijuana whose tests he failed.As a star and an icon in basketball, this could act as a means of perpetuating drug abuse. This is because people like identifying with stars especially his funs. In the event followers realize that their star is in drugs, chance are that they would start using the same drug that their star is using. This is a bad influence to the American community. This is destructive and this shutters the dreams of the U nited States of America. Having such kind of stars and celebrities in a country who do not honor the rules of the land is not of any benefit but agents of destruction.The law requires none to break the laws. When one is a star but does not honor the constitution, then such a person ceases to be the pride of a nation but rather a burden and a lose to the state. Heroes never give up after a tragedy has befallen them. They rise up again and continue with the pursuit of his desires. After Herren had been suspended from school, he did not just sit back. He never gave up. He sought other means and he decided to dream again to enable his talent to be utilized. The young man joined Fresno State University purposely to join the basketball team and become a star.While playing at Fresno State University, Herren broke his hand: a tragedy that made him to take a period of three years to heal. Immediately after healing Herren was taken for taste to confirm his medical status. Unfortunately, Herren failed another drug test. This was disappointing especially to a star. As an admirable person, he could not be left jus t to handle himself, rather he was taken to the rehabilitation center where he was taught and helped to overcome the use of drugs. This aspect of accepting a personal weakness is a thing that has killed many people.It takes courage to accept ones’ present condition to adopt a brand new life. This is good for a nation because there are people who are struggling with addiction but cannot open up. Herren is a good example to those who are under the influence of drugs. After the Herren had returned from the rehabilitation centre, he joined the team and he skillfully worn many trophies. He made his team to be proud of him and the nation esteemed him as an astute player. Recognizing a weakness and accepting intervention measures is a good thing to do in life when one has the intent of changing.While at the Fesno State University, Herren made remarkable achievements in his basketball career. He excelled well that every club wanted to hire him. In advancing his career, he opted to jo in NBA Draft. This team selected him because he was an excellent performer. Herren entered Denver Nuggets with 33rd overall pick in the second round. While in the team, he played 70 games of which he helped his team to bring victory home. After he was released by the Celtic, Herren opened up his world and opted to advernse his career further. The young man opted to play for various clubs.He played for teams in Italy, Poland, Iran Turkey, and Turkey. While in these countries, Herren made remarkable achievements in his basketball career that he became an icon in basketball. He became a figure of emulation and an icon of inspiration. Whenever he was playing, thousands of people could throng the coat because of his professionalism in the game. The man was so skillful; and while he was a broad, he maintained his identity like an American without betraying his country. The country was proud of him because of the international face and values he brought to the country (Zapata, and David , 321).Herren comes out to be a man who does not get discouraged in spite of the challenges in life that he has passed through. He does not allow his dark past to blur his vision and the continuous desire to be a star. Herren is one of the key figure that the nation can point at and make a declaration that surely dreams that people often have can actually come to pass. Herren in real sense, has been related to the abuse of drugs of all kinds. Sometimes, it would be very difficult to celebrate his achievements because it could be true that he was propelled, and motivated by the drugs.It is not possible to relate national pride to a drug addict. Herren had had several felnies directly linked to drug deals. This could be dangerous for the upcoming generations as well as the young people who look up to him as an icon of emulation. Herren has even been charged with the crime of possession of heroin. This act is not acceptable to the state and by the state. While he was advancing his career at NBA for the Boston Celtic, he embarked on the use of painkillers like OxyContin, and Percocet. Herren even became a careless person who could not control his rationality after using drugs.He had been noted driving under the influence of drugs: a thing that made him cause accidents along the city highways (Dell'Orto, 231). This depicted a bad picture of him. He was not a person of a perfect example in spite the excellence of his performance in basketball. This young player was in the verge of destroying himself and destroying the lives of other. He has become a bad example to his funs and a destructive person to humanity. By abusing drugs, he promotes the sale of illegal drugs and by using them openly; he is directly influencing others into the same.This disqualifies him from being in the spheres of the American dream to the tragedy of America. Herren had had series of counseling which were purposed to help him quite drugs and just be a free man sober and rational in thought and in everything, he does. He thus joined an intensive program of recovery, which demands discipline to adhere to the schedule. It is appreciable accoding to the Art Papers( 46) It is good news to here that even those who have been abusing drugs stubbornly can recover from the abuse and be people who can be admired in life. Herren became one of these people who have undergone rehabilitation and made great  strides of change.Since August 2008, Herren has been drug free and he is in a serious move campaigning against the abuse of drugs. He is not ashamed of his past but rather he is categorically telling people the harmful effects of drug abuse and addiction. Other than advancing the mission of drug awareness campaign, Herren desires to share his life and talent with other young people who have passion in basketball. He thus launched the â€Å"Hoop Dream with Chris Herren† an organization that trains young basketball players in the court and off the court (Frankfurt, 76).He desi res to raise basketball stars in America who can advance the dreams of American as a victorious nation in all industries. Herren has released a documentary giving the detailed account of his life on and off the court. He has talked extensively of his life and the struggles that he has undergone as a person. This documentary has greatly influenced the thought of Americans on drug abuse and addiction. This has propelled him to the table of American admiration. Herren now has something to offer to Americas.He is an asset to the state he is a person of great value to the great nation in spite of his dark past. Life needs people who do not stick to their paste however much dirty they may be (Slone, and Friedman 154). Life is proud of people who desire to change and contribute to the well being of other. Success; real success requires one to leave those who would advance what has been started. This is a good gesture to the Americans. Herren is exactly in the America dream though he starte d it on a bad note of hurt hacks and great disappointments.

Explore the presentation of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Essays

Explore the presentation of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Essays Explore the presentation of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Paper Explore the presentation of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Paper Iago is one of the most central and many-layered of Shakespeares villains, though he is also the subject of some controversy. Has Shakespeare created a motiveless malignity, as Coleridge suggested (Shakespearean Criticism, 1960), or is Iago deeper and more destructively sharp and vindictive? Shakespeare presents a deep-rooted paradox within Iago his single-minded conviction and confidence alongside an uncertainty of motive. Iagos importance and his role as Othellos poisoner is perhaps the first thing to consider. Is he simply a catalyst, aiding the inevitable, or does he deliberately orchestrate Othellos end on his own? The duality of Iago is also a vital device used by Shakespeare to illustrate his character Iago is such a gifted actor that no other character even has the opportunity to suspect that he is dishonest. The juxtapositioning of honesty and lies, good and evil, jealousy and trust, are also key techniques employed by Shakespeare to demonstrate Iagos power. The depth of both Shakespeares and Iagos language and use of imagery and extended metaphor is also suggestive of how layered the character is. It is difficult, perhaps impossible, to fathom Shakespeares original intentions for Iago. What must be noted is how different he is from the character in the tale by Cinthio from which Othello was drawn. The Ensign is given a name and much more subtlety than in the original story. The motives and reasoning behind Iagos actions are also key to the movement of the plot. His role as a many-faceted representation of the evils in humanity makes him a fascinating device vital to the sense of tragedy and inevitability that surrounds the play. The importance of Iago is something that must first be examined when considering his character. All of Shakespeares characters are constructs, but there is some question as to what Iagos role actually is, and how important he is to the storyline. It has been suggested that Iago merely induces what would have happened to Othello anyway. Brabantios ominous words in I. 3 are a herald to what may come, and have nothing whatsoever to do with Iago. He warns Othello that Desdemona has deceived her father, and may you. Perhaps it was such comments that drove Othello to his demise, and would have done so even in Iagos absence. However, Shakespeares emphasis on Iago and the thick irony surrounding him suggest that he is much more that just a catalyst. Several times in the first act he is called honest Iago, and then referred to by Othello as a man of honesty and trust (I. 3). This use of dramatic irony draws attention to the character, as the audience already know that Iago harbours a strong hatred for Othello. Emphasis is placed on this by way of Iagos soliloquies. He is the only character to have several asides, which is unusual as it is usually the central character that requires these. They are necessary in Iagos case because the audience needs an insight into the workings of Iagos mind. Shakespeare could be showing Iagos vital role if it were not for his complete skills in deceiving the other characters, Othello would not believe that his wife could be adulterous. Iago himself says that because Othello trusts him so well, the better shall [his] purpose work on him. He also says that the Moor is of a free and open nature, suggesting that without Iago, Othello would have no reason to doubt Desdemonas faithfulness as he takes things at face value. Iagos relationship with Roderigo must also be noted. Roderigo clearly would not have attempted to pursue Desdemona without Iago suggesting this. However, whether this is the case with Othello is under some doubt. Iagos importance largely depends on the audiences perception of Othello. If the audience sympathises with the Moor and believes him to have been cruelly deceived through no fault of his own, then Iago is clearly to blame for his downfall. If, however, the audience believes that Othellos undoubted faith in Iago is foolish, then they might choose to think that it was Othellos character flaw, not Iagos deception, which is at fault. The duality of Iagos character is what makes Othellos downfall possible and all the more poignant. He is a complete deceiver an actor who manipulates everyone around him entirely so that the truth is hidden beneath many layers of different lies. Even the audience, who have a particularly close relationship with Iago through his soliloquies, may be unsure as to exactly what the truth is and what simply suits Iago at the moment he says it. His obscurity and rapidly changing fai ades mean that Iagos real self is difficult to discern. The fact that no one even suspects that Iago is dishonest, and even believe him over other characters, is vital to the plot. Usually, Iago does not simple push other characters into courses of action they would have taken anyway, but reshapes their perceptions so that they believe things that are not remotely true. He swears to Roderigo that he will enjoy Desdemona the next night following (IV. 2), even though Desdemona has no interest in him. This is an example of Iagos absolute manipulation skills. Iago is the closest character to the audience, and this in itself represents how two-sided he is. Shakespeare, as a dramatist, would clearly be closely involved in the production of a play, and may have been alluding to the lie of an actor through Iago playing different roles, forever switching between performances and displaying another facet that is at once separate to and at one with them. It also should be noted, from a dramatic point of view, that the character of Desdemona must be played to perfection for the deception of Iago to succeed. If Desdemona appears to be flawed and unchaste, as Iago suggests, the real tragic power of the play may be lost. The move to Cyprus also presents another side of Iago. In Venice, he was skulking in shadows and calling up at windows, while in Cyprus, he seems free to observe and destroy without hindrance. Shakespeare presents a kind of uncertainty within Iago, and the playwrights motives for him are unclear. Is it true that Othello has done [Iagos] office twixt [his] sheets, or has Iago convinced himself of this to give himself a motive? It could be that Shakespeare intends Iago to be motiveless no more than a construct to represent the unfathomable evil that is inside every human. Although Iago proclaims I do hate [Othello] as I do hell-pains, we are never given a clear reason why. If Shakespeare is using him as a general symbol of evil, it may be that he did not want him to have a reason; it does not matter why, only that his hatred is so strong, so powerful, and so extreme, that it is all that is driving him. In some ways, a motiveless evil is more frightening and more powerful than one with a reason. However, it is also possible that Iago is a many-layered creation, and as such has multiple motives. Primarily, it could be said that Iago is driven by jealousy stronger and more general jealousy than Othellos, and perhaps this helps him to feed the Moors obsession. At first, Iago is a typical stage villain, delighting in the destruction of character he is bringing about simply for sport and profit. Later, though, he demonstrates his envy of something he believes he can never attain the daily beauty that Cassio possesses. He believes himself to be ugly, and it is possible that something primitive and instinctive inside him is transforming his shame into vindictive malice. Anger about his low position could also drive him he feels he has been denied his right to lieutenancy by a Florentine almost damned in fair wife. The way that Shakespeare provides many different motives for Iago could be a technique to confuse the audience and demonstrate that Iagos deception extends to everyone, possibly even himself. Metaphors and imagery run deep in Othello, and some would say the characters themselves are nothing but metaphors for aspects of the human condition. Taking this view, Iago would be the selfishness and spite that most people possess but usually do not act upon. Interesting, then, are Roderigos final words: O inhuman dog! Is Roderigo wrong in calling Iago inhuman, when surely all humans possess the characteristics Iago displays? Perhaps what makes us human, and better than animals, is that we possess these feelings and flaws but do not act upon them we have restraint. This presents a sharp paradox what makes us human is restraint, but by suppressing ourselves we are denying the very emotions that make us different from animals. In Iagos speeches, the imagery he uses often involves animals beast, old black ram, hot as goats, prime as monkeys and this technique could be employed to demonstrate Iagos carnal side. He does not behave civilly and reasonably as a human would, but acts on primal instinct to get what he wants without thinking of others, like an animal. He also refers to plants when speaking, using the analogy of roots to describe how Cassio supposedly kissed him, he speaks of how neither poppy nor mandragora will cure Othello, and uses a continued metaphor of a garden when talking to Roderigo (I. ). This choice of words conjures up images of crawling roots and plants spreading out among the characters of the play. These roots could symbolise the influence of Iago how he has managed to affect everyone around him. He changes the way others speak for example, when he talks to Othello, the Moors response is simple Ha, I like not that. Iagos intelligence and sharpness of wit cannot be matched by the other characters, except perhaps Desdemona. A further motif used throughout the play is that of perception, eyes and seeing. This could be linked to the stereotypes Iago seems to so enjoy fuelling. Prejudices and stereotypes are representative of the common eyes that people use to look at someone or something. In the play, the common prejudice is that Othello, as a Moor, is evil and animalistic. Iago feeds this, but it is then shown to be untrue. Iago then seems to reintroduce the stereotype and play on the judgements people make. Iago himself is an exercise in contradiction and juxtaposition. He says one thing and means another, appears one way and then shows he is not at all like that. In Act II. 1, Shakespeare presents an exchange between Desdemona and Iago that serves to create a paradox Desdemona is the epitome of all that is good in humanity, while Iago is a device employed to display all the more undesirable characteristics. Desdemona plays a truly innocent and faithful wife while Iago claims that all women are Saints in [their] injuries, devils being offended. And yet, Iago is still deferential and still addresses her as gentle lady. Desdemona calls him fool, but his behaviour elsewhere would suggest that he is anything but. His marriage to Emilia is also worthy of analysis. Although he feels that she obeys him he speaks harshly and cruelly to her, calling her a good wench, snapping at her while she only tries to please him at the end, when she realises his true nature, she refuses to defend him. It is possible that Iago cannot manipulate women as well as he would like to. In this play, women are seen as the only honest creatures, and it is Emilia who finally reveals Iagos deception, and Desdemona who dies without defending herself, still deeply in love with her husband. The fact that Iago does not truly understand all the facets of women is really his downfall. The final scene also presents us with new contradictions. Previously, Iagos power was in his well-chosen words. Now, however, he says nothing, claiming that from this time forth, I never will speak word. Despite this, he still seems to dominate the exchange; he is the only one who knows everything that has happened, and he is now almost the sole topic of conversation. He is referred to, strangely, as a Spartan dog (V. 2), which seems to be a strange paradox. The Spartans were a proud, brave and terrible people, while dog implies a lowly, fearful, evil creature. It is possible that his bravery, cunning and maliciousness matches the Spartans, while he darker, subtler side is that of a dog. Iago is possibly what makes Othello so different from other Shakespearean tragedies. While every other tragic hero inevitably falls because of one fatal flaw, in Othello there is still a what if? remaining. What if Iago is taken out of the picture? Would the Generals demise have been so sudden and striking? Would it have happened at all? Iago is an instrumental plot device, the key to the poignancy of the tragedy. In Iago, Shakespeare has created an absolute villain, one that the audience perhaps cannot feel sympathy for. In some ways, this is because he is so utterly callous and inhuman that the audience cannot comprehend his motives. And yet, there is always the dark uncertainty that the reason Iago is so powerfully evil is because he represents all the envy, desire and malignity that every human possesses.

Definition Essay Topics and Ideas Meet the Diversity of Inspiring Opinions

Definition Essay Topics and Ideas Meet the Diversity of Inspiring Opinions Writing a definition essay sample seems to sound like an easy task. However, the piece of work that requires the determination of the word is not a straightforward activity. It implies not only finding the interpretation of the word in the vocabulary, but also checking its function, structure, or etymology and supporting it with evidence. Moreover, such work includes the incorporation of the experience or story of the writer to support its meaning. In this regard, the right definition essay topic or idea for writing the paper is crucial. The best choices refer to the themes of abstract or complicated nature, which may have two or more connotations. They provide substantial ground for the development of ideas and writing skills improvement. Here are some ideas that require significant considerations and result in the form of a profound piece: 1. Heroes? Who Are They? For a mass audience, the era of entertainment provides many heroic characters. However, the concept of heroism is not brand new and can be traced back to ancient times. By that, a hero is a person with exceptional features. For this research, a student may apply to the Greek myths as a source of heroism and provide one’s understanding of this phenomenon. 2. Metaphysics: What Is It? The philosophical categories are usually difficult to comprehend due to their abstract nature. The term ‘metaphysics’ is central to philosophy with its relation to matter and mind. It is a problematic category, which requires research of etymology and Greek relation, as well as the analysis of the work Metaphysics by Aristotle. 3. What Does Respect Imply? Everyone is taught to respect the laws and rights of others. However, where is the limit of respect? What place does the self-respect take? The relationship between self-esteem and respect for others may be a central topic for such a discussion. Besides, a student may address to the Golden Rule of ethics and interpret the term from its perspective. The book Ethics and the Golden Rule by Harry Gensler can give solid insights into the particular ethical practice. 4. What Is the Definition of Beauty? There is a famous phrase saying, â€Å"Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.† It implies that the particular category is based on the inner experience. Following, such paper may include a personal understanding of beauty and make it the central part of the essay. However, research on the term is required, and the article â€Å"Beauty through History† by Sharon Romm can be prompt. 5. What Is the Definition of Empathy? Nowadays empathy is an important part of the successful manager. However, not many people understand its nature and how to achieve it. The best way to comprehend empathy is to refer to the philosophical origin and analyze its structure as well as current interpretation. The Merriam-Webster website can be helpful for determination of differences between compassion, empathy, and sympathy. 6. What Is the Difference between Drama in Life and Art? A drama has become a significant genre of art. Besides, almost everyone experiences it in real life. The profound analysis of history is likely to show why the drama is sometimes more heartbreaking than reals† by Robert Longley is there to help. 7. Who Can Be Characterized as Emotionally Unavailable? From first glance, the term â€Å"emotional unavailability† is unclear. Nevertheless, we meet people who block our feelings constantly. Analyzing such an experience can be a way to explain the term. Besides, the articles â€Å"Is Being ‘Emotionally Unavailable’ Holding You Back?† by Rachel Nussbaum and â€Å"10 Signs Your Partner is Emotionally Unavailable† by Lauren Shumacker bring the light on the concept and contribute to the explanation. 8. What Is Charisma? Charisma is crucial in the world of media technologies, but one can hardly measure it qualitatively or quantitatively. Most commonly, charisma is the way to speak and act based on wisdom, experience, and natural abilities. However, it is always about inspiration. In this regard, the exploration of the term has many nuances. A student can refer to the book The History of Charisma by Potts. 9. Sports: Is It about Playing? The current definition of sports cannot be considered without relation to business or physical activity. Nonetheless, history tells that there is entirely different determination of the word. The Online Etymology Dictionary shares a significant ground for revaluation of the term and underlines the role of cultures on the development of the current habits. These points may become a basis for writing a definition essay. 10. How to Define Artistic Taste? Artistic taste is a subtle topic to consider. Despite the high level of subjectivity, the artistic taste, which puts the aesthetics in the center, appears to be a compelling phenomenon to define. Considering the social and cultural constituent of the concept, the book Introduction to Art Appreciation and Aesthetics by Alfredo Panizo and Erlinda Rustia can help significantly to thoroughly explore the artistic taste. 11. Anti-Globalism: Where It Comes from? The contemporary media has primarily discussed the term of globalization and devoted comparatively less time to anti-globalism. The latter is the crucial term which developed as a reaction to the blurring of the barriers between the nations. By that, there are different theories, which constitute the concept and contribute to the overall understanding of the modern world. The article â€Å"A Brief History of the Anti-Globalization Movement† by Adam Warner is the suitable source for exploration of the term. 12. Who Can Be Called a Champion? The first thought coming to the reader’s mind is probably an athlete or militant winning a battle. However, being a champion is not always about sports; it is also about democracy and politics. The same word can be used differently, which makes it a subject for research. The Online Etymology Dictionary is a source exploring the word and its transformation. 13. The Definition of ‘Founding Fathers’ The particular term is paramount for the United States and its development. The meaning of the word achieved its weight in the past. Now, it continues affecting the minds of people. Thus, it is exciting to provide research of the event defining the power of the word and enhance it with the personal experience. Finally, the book The Founding Fathers Reconsidered by Bernstein is a great source to start. 14. Corner Office: Why Senior Leaders Work There? The rise of business brought the changes to management providing new rules and practices. ‘Corner Office’ also relates to the business world. Surprisingly, the term has substantial reasons for emergence, and the essay should identify and discuss them. â€Å"There Goes the Corner Office, Here Comes the New Status† by Drew Himmelstein presents the story behind the term and its particular significance. 15. Dualism in The Real World ‘Dualism’ is widely used in the philosophy to underline the dual character of the object or concept. The philosophical approach discusses the term regarding matter and sense, good and evil, life and death. The latter two are more practical and touches everyone in their daily lives. It implies the necessity of defining and explaining dualism. The paper can include both the experience and academic research on dualism based on the materials by Matt Stefon and Ugo Bianchi from Britannica. 16. What is Success Now? Society has always influenced the definition of success. Throughout centuries, it referred to the concepts of fame, wealth, and commitment. Some were successful without achieving the goal, while the others accomplished their purposes but failed to succeed. It poses a question regarding success and its social value. Students should check Re-Defining Success: Finding New Hope by Morrison. It provides the reevaluation of the concept and can trigger the incorporation of the personal vision of the idea into the paper. 17. The Definition and History of a Cult People have expressed their devotion to different figures and objects since ancient times. The current practice is usually related to the cults of personalities or religious organizations. However, it also refers to the fashion. By that, the definition of the word may be an exciting topic for the discussion. The book Unmasking the Cults by Gomes demonstrates the history behind the term, which may be a starting point for the essay. 18. Reflection on Healthy Food Recently, the concept of healthy food has become popular and underlined the aspire of people to care about their health. However, not everyone recognizes the actual meaning of the word as well as its vitality. Considering various opinions about healthy eating, there is a space for personal reflection and discussion. To begin the definition, one should consider â€Å"Healthy Food Does Not Exist† by Michael Ruhlman. The article defines the scientific side of the concept. 19. The Definition of Happiness The subjective nature of happiness has become the philosophical ground for its definition. For someone, it refers to love, while for others, it is about success. In parallel, it is an emotional state, and a student cannot view it without the scientific and sensitive parts. For the research on the first component, the Oxford Handbook of Happiness by Boniwell, David, and Conley Ayers can be helpful. To reinforce the paper, the student should refer to personal opinions and emotional state. 20. Where Is the Line between Bad Mood and Depression? Depression is the disease of modern days. The research on the depressive condition is a ground for the term’s definition. At the same time, the real stories or documented clinical cases may help in explaining the meaning. The website of the American Psychiatric Association provides the essential characteristics of depression. Conclusion A sounding definition essay consists of an exciting definition essay topic, careful research, and personal interpretation. The ideas with subjective and indefinite concepts bring more interest to the essay due to the diversity of opinions. The research is valuable for showing term transformations, history, and contemporary meaning. In the end, the reflection about personal experience or intimate recognition of the issue adds colors to the essay and provokes further reflection.

The eNotes Blog Curiosity Killed No-One A Round-Up of eNotes Answers Across 10Subjects

Curiosity Killed No-One A Round-Up of Answers Across 10Subjects No matter what subject interests you, has you covered. Check out these recent answers from our expert editors, below: Literature: In  Of Mice and Men, who deserves to be punished for Lennies death? History: What was the Holy Roman Empire? Science: What is the final product of translation as a part of protein synthesis? Math: Given the sample {7,6,10,7,5,9,3,7,5,13} find the standard deviation. Arts: What are the principal characteristics of Baroque art? Business:  How does a subsidy affect a market? Social Sciences:  What is critical race theory? Law:  What social trends will affect the criminal justice system over the next ten years? Health:  Make the argument that individuals with preexisting conditions should be able to purchase health insurance at the same cost as those without such conditions. Religion:  How do theologians address the issue of how we give meaning to the world when a loved one dies? And an interesting discussion board to chime in on Should health insurance plans include infertility services?

Creating a Motivating Work Setting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Creating a Motivating Work Setting - Essay Example Creating a work environment that maintains employee job satisfaction as well as motivates people towards exceptional performance is one of the fundamental roles of leaders to play. Recently, a survey was conducted by the Conference Board, which specified that only 45% of Americans are really satisfied with their work, the least record ever observed by the Conference Board in about 22 years of research (Chartcourse, 2011). Organizations which are not able to implement an adequate improved job satisfaction are at tremendous risk of losing their talented personnel to the existing competitive market. Leaders are entitled with huge responsibility of sustaining their talented employees by providing them with motivating elements. McDonald's is a renowned name of restaurants functioning globally. McDonald's is an American based company. The company is counted amongst the largest restaurant businesses and considered as part of the American life style. An estimate of its current global workfor ce would be around 1.5 million people, and 10 million people are estimated to have worked for the corporation, since its formation (McDonald's, 2011). The increasing expansion abroad appears to be the sound answer to an increasing economical market in the USA, where McDonald's is no longer trying to expand but is instead trying to increase the sales of existing restaurants. McDonald's is a service-oriented company where their products and personnel act as their face to their consumers. Therefore, providing them with satisfactory atmosphere is an essential aspect of motivation. In order to sustain in this competitive market, McDonald's has come up with strategies and development programs for motivating employees and polishing leadership qualities. In the paper, the motivation strategies of the organization and the effective techniques of leadership adopted by McDonald's will be analyzed. Case Example-McDonald’s The culture of any organization plays a very vital role in motivat ing employees. Work culture of McDonald's is highly dependent on the unit manager in charge at any particular time (Goldman, 2009). The most essential thing that any unit manager can do to create a motivated environment is to make sure that work performed by the employees is in accordance to strategies prepared. The unit managers need to ensure that the work performed by the employees is productive in nature with the point of view of the company. The responsibilities of leaders; in this case the unit managers or the line mangers, are intense in nature. Motivation does not mean employees doing their work accordingly when the manager is around but is what employees do when the manager is not around. A good leader is the one who does not only gives order but also welcomes feedback from employees. Managers are usually supposed to use position and power and adopt a telling style of leadership considering the employees are inexperienced and young. And, certain managers are found of runnin g the departments in mechanical way, mostly during peak business stage. Though, in quite a few cases managers were comparatively relaxed and at times were not different from their employees. Certain managers welcome the ideas of their employees, making them feel important. In this process, good ideas are generated and conceived whereas also add to the motivational factors in the organisation (Goldman, 2009). Generally, the managers avoid any strong vertical barriers themselves and between their employees. Motivation can be of four types such as extrinsic and intrinsic, and negative and positive. Extrinsic motivation is when one is working according to others’ will and intrinsic motivation

Article Review pertaining to Ethics Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Review pertaining to Ethics - Article Example Most of these stories flowing within the companies are well established and openly expressed narratives with a clear design. However, some stories are fragmented and hidden from the public lime light. Stories have a moral position within organizations as they contain and deal with both bad and good issues. We can therefore conclude that story telling is a suitable tool for studying ethics within organizations (Gabriel, 2004). Stories on the other hand can be informative of leadership styles used within a company. This is because stories may refer to more democratic and empowering leadership. Instead of direct and intimidating command, stories are interpreted with a view to influence the listener or the follower. On the contrary, an empowering story may turn out to be disempowering to the follower or precisely to employees in an organization. Stories can also be used as a seduction or manipulation tool to staff in an organization. Manipulation in many cases is viewed as a non-ethical way of leadership. The use of hidden power is accounted for as stories are seen as latent way to influence followers (Boje, 2001). Plato stated that anyone who narrates the story governs. To further clarify; this means the narrator has the ability to influence followers through a discursive reality. The narrator can create a publicly expressed social reality and shape it to their desired motives. This places focus on ethical dimensions in leadership stories. Through this, an individual may have either good or bad intentions while narrating their story. The narrator may purse to conceal his intentions with manipulation unknowingly to the listener on the power wield attempts falling upon them. Thus, such a position of leadership is termed as bad and unethical (Ciulla, 2005). This begs the question of what kind of leader possess powerful story telling techniques and resources. A charismatic leader

Eight topic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Eight topic - Research Paper Example Who are we to blame? This paper also seeks the answer why genocide happened? What are the causes why this phenomenon happened? And what will happen in the future? Is there a possibility that another war will arise? These are just few of the questions we want to find the answers in this paper. This paper will contain three major topics which includes the causes of World War I and World War II, Genocide, and the views of humanity’s future. The Causes of World War I and World War II There are a lot of reasons of assumed to cause the Great War. The causes of World War I could be summed up with the acronym MAIN (Buckley, 2011). This stands for Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism and Nationalism. On the outside, it can be said that Nationalism was the main cause of the war. This sparked when the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated by the Black Hand. Another cause of the First World War was Imperialism wherein countries such as France and England had flourishing econo mies due to their expansion and control of foreign resources (Buckley, 2011). Alliances also caused part of the World War I. The two opposing alliances developed by Bismarckian diplomacy after the Franco-Prussian War. The international tension was significantly increased by the division of Europe into two armed camps. The arms race or Militarism was another cause of the Great War. ... But it is very important knowing the clash between the Communist and Fascist. Same with the First World War, nationalism and militarism also caused an increase in weapons and tensions. The most important cause of all was the Treaty of Versailles which should keep long-term peace after World War I but instead it blamed the countries responsible for starting the war and made them pay harshly (Buckley, 2011). The depression of the countries around the world also led to this new war. But wars are not the only thing that we should prevent. There are other crimes against humanity that our world are facing. Genocide Genocide is defined as the intentional extermination of a specific ethnic, racial or religious group (McMorran, Schultz, 2003). Compared to war, genocide is recognized as the most offensive crime. This goes as low as neighbour against neighbour or even husband against wife. Unlike war, where the attack is general and the object is often to have power over of a geographical or po litical region, genocide assaults an individual's identity, and the object is control or complete elimination of a group of people (McMorran, Schultz, 2003). The causes of genocide are frequently connected with history. The development of stereotyping which includes ethnic and cultural distinctions of a â€Å"group-in† and â€Å"group-out† thinking formed identity groups. In a lot of regions, members of identity groups develop conflict prevention methods but sometimes some group are convinced that many of its problems are fault of another group and that these problems can only be prevented if they will kill the members of this group. And genocide happens. The Future of Humanity Given the problems above, we don’t know what will

Child and Elder Abuse Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Child and Elder Abuse - Case Study Example f-blame, nightmares, flashbacks, sleeplessness, fear of matters related to the abuse (comprising of objects, places, smells, and doctor's visits among others.). The effects of child sexual abuse also include self-esteem issues, chronic pain, sexual dysfunction, addiction, self-injury, suicidal ideation, depression, somatic complaints, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (Hoyano & Keenan, 2007). Elder Abuse Case Norman (77) lives at home with his wife in addition to his two sons, who are 47 and 46. Both sons are jobless and not concerned in seeking a job. The man has been beaten numerous occasions by his sons. "At times, I think, ‘Why does it occur to me?’" were Norman’s exact words. Norman was recorded at a police station. The man talked to a Chicago Police Department (CPD) superior services spokesperson (Yahnke, 2012). The spokesperson provided background information via commentary. Norman was, after his statements at the police station, assisted to recove r from a whipping at the hands of his own sons in 2012. He did not sign a complaint since he dreaded a more ruthless beating. He told the officers that, at the moment he enters the house, he is done flatly. The senior police spokesperson said that the initial time she came across Norman was in the emergency room (ER) of the hospital (Yahnke, 2012). Norman was battered by his son since he used his son’s towel to wipe himself. Stitch ups were needed to seal the wound (Twentyman & Plotkin, 2010). Norman says that he always considers that things one day might get better, but the a hospital counselor informed him that such acts go one for as long as it takes. Norman’s sons use his Social Security, as well as pension income, and the father has to work part-time just to have his own money for petty use. The... Â  Norman (77) lives at home with his wife in addition to his two sons, who are 47 and 46. Both sons are jobless and not concerned in seeking a job. The man has been beaten numerous occasions by his sons. "At times, I think, ‘Why does it occur to me?’" were Norman’s exact words. Norman was recorded at a police station. The man talked to a Chicago Police Department (CPD) superior services spokesperson (Yahnke, 2012). The spokesperson provided background information via commentary. Norman was, after his statements at the police station, assisted to recover from a whipping at the hands of his own sons in 2012. He did not sign a complaint since he dreaded a more ruthless beating. He told the officers that, at the moment he enters the house, he is done flatly. The senior police spokesperson said that the initial time she came across Norman was in the emergency room (ER) of the hospital (Yahnke, 2012). Norman was battered by his son since he used his son’s towel to wipe himself. Stitch ups were needed to seal the wound (Twentyman & Plotkin, 2010). Norman says that he always considers that things one day might get better, but the hospital counselor informed him that such acts go one for as long as it takes. Norman’s sons use his Social Security, as well as pension income, and the father has to work part-time just to have his own money for petty use. The counselor confirms that Norman finally decided to pressed charges. A court hearing date was finally set, and his two sons posted bond. Â  

Background theory on BUCKLING and DFINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS Dissertation

Background theory on BUCKLING and DFINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS - Dissertation Example These underwent no major changes in the next 100 years. In 1845, A.H.E Lamarle proposed the theory that Eulers formula could only be effectively utilised if the slenderness ratio was beyond a certain prescribed limit. In 1889 Considere further made an addendum in the form that Eulers formula could not be used for inelastic buckling since the actual section modulus available on the concave and concave sides of a bend beam were different. This lead to the formulation of the Reduced Modulus theory for buckling and which is still undergoing lot of revisions. (Gere James & Timoshenko Stephen, 2004) Theory Euler by a series of experiments observed that the buckling stress generated in an axially loaded column is directly proportional to the Youngs Modulus, the moment of inertia of the material and inversely proportional to the effective length of the member. In other words he represented the formula by a simple equation. Pcr=Ð » x E x I/ Le^2 Here Pcr represents the critical load, E the Y oungs Modulus which is an inherent property of the material, I the moment of inertia is function of the dimensional values in terms of breadth and height of the material. Le represents the effective length of the column. ... Another combination is that of the column fixed at the base and pinned on top. Calculating this from a series of differential equation with known end conditions would provide an effective length of 0.7L. Hence the Euler’s equation for all the above commonly loaded conditions can be represented as Pcr=Ð »^2 x E x I/ (K x L)^2 where K=2 for fixed-free column, K=1 for pinned end columns, K=1/2 for columns with fixed ends and K=0.7 for column fixed at base and pinned at top. (Gere James & Timoshenko Stephen, 2004) Source: Gere James & Timoshenko Stephen, 2004 The Euler’s formula is used to calculate the corresponding critical stress that is generated due to this critical load Pcr. Here ?cr= Pcr/ A where A is the area of cross section of the member which could further written as ?cr=Ð »^2 x E/(L/r)^2. Here L/r can be together noted as the slenderness ratio. L as denoted earlier is the length of the column while r=v I/A is called the radius of gyration of the member. (Gere James & Timoshenko Stephen, 2004) Using Eulers Theory in Calculations For the analysis of simple beams using Eulers formula, slenderness ratios of columns should not surpass 180. For other members that absorb compression forces the L/r ratio is limited to 200. (Welded Tanks for Oil Storage, 2008) For checking whether the column provided for a section is safe, the actual compressive stress is calculated using the simple formula ? actual=P/A whether P is the external load and A is the cross section of the member. The L/r ratio of the selected member is checked and limited to 180. Thereafter maximum allowable compressive stress generated is found out by using the above formula ? allowable=Ð »^2 x E/(L/r)^2 for columns. If the actual stress calculated is less than the maximum

Dual and Cooperative Federalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dual and Cooperative Federalism - Essay Example The founders of federalism hoped to create a government system that is similar to a unitary system. However, the states were included in the system since they already had established government systems that were functional. Thus, the founders of the federalism granted the national government powers and reserve the remaining powers to the local or state governments. Moreover, these expressed powers given to the national government provide an avenue for expansion of the implied powers. Federalism further involves complex relationships among a number of states. For instance, in the United States of America, the constitution of United States of America requires the states to honor all the public acts and the decisions being made by the judiciary of other states. Moreover, federalism involves a number of limitations on the state authority, especially involving the relationships between the state governments. The local governments are not recognized in the federal constitution thus they are used by the states to perform or rather conduct normal activities of the government. Thus, federalism still remains the best governance system in United States of America. This is one of the US achievements as it transferred or rather created an effective constitution structure of the political institution. Hence, federalism and the entire separation of power in the national and state governments relieve other law enacting bodies off the burden of law implementation.

Child and Elder Abuse Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Child and Elder Abuse - Case Study Example f-blame, nightmares, flashbacks, sleeplessness, fear of matters related to the abuse (comprising of objects, places, smells, and doctor's visits among others.). The effects of child sexual abuse also include self-esteem issues, chronic pain, sexual dysfunction, addiction, self-injury, suicidal ideation, depression, somatic complaints, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (Hoyano & Keenan, 2007). Elder Abuse Case Norman (77) lives at home with his wife in addition to his two sons, who are 47 and 46. Both sons are jobless and not concerned in seeking a job. The man has been beaten numerous occasions by his sons. "At times, I think, ‘Why does it occur to me?’" were Norman’s exact words. Norman was recorded at a police station. The man talked to a Chicago Police Department (CPD) superior services spokesperson (Yahnke, 2012). The spokesperson provided background information via commentary. Norman was, after his statements at the police station, assisted to recove r from a whipping at the hands of his own sons in 2012. He did not sign a complaint since he dreaded a more ruthless beating. He told the officers that, at the moment he enters the house, he is done flatly. The senior police spokesperson said that the initial time she came across Norman was in the emergency room (ER) of the hospital (Yahnke, 2012). Norman was battered by his son since he used his son’s towel to wipe himself. Stitch ups were needed to seal the wound (Twentyman & Plotkin, 2010). Norman says that he always considers that things one day might get better, but the a hospital counselor informed him that such acts go one for as long as it takes. Norman’s sons use his Social Security, as well as pension income, and the father has to work part-time just to have his own money for petty use. The... Â  Norman (77) lives at home with his wife in addition to his two sons, who are 47 and 46. Both sons are jobless and not concerned in seeking a job. The man has been beaten numerous occasions by his sons. "At times, I think, ‘Why does it occur to me?’" were Norman’s exact words. Norman was recorded at a police station. The man talked to a Chicago Police Department (CPD) superior services spokesperson (Yahnke, 2012). The spokesperson provided background information via commentary. Norman was, after his statements at the police station, assisted to recover from a whipping at the hands of his own sons in 2012. He did not sign a complaint since he dreaded a more ruthless beating. He told the officers that, at the moment he enters the house, he is done flatly. The senior police spokesperson said that the initial time she came across Norman was in the emergency room (ER) of the hospital (Yahnke, 2012). Norman was battered by his son since he used his son’s towel to wipe himself. Stitch ups were needed to seal the wound (Twentyman & Plotkin, 2010). Norman says that he always considers that things one day might get better, but the hospital counselor informed him that such acts go one for as long as it takes. Norman’s sons use his Social Security, as well as pension income, and the father has to work part-time just to have his own money for petty use. The counselor confirms that Norman finally decided to pressed charges. A court hearing date was finally set, and his two sons posted bond. Â