Summary of Behavioral Genetics :: Science, Technlogy, Psychology

behavioural GeneticsBehavioral Genetics is a new field of submit. The suggest of Behavioral Genetics is to investigate the affects of genetics and environment on individual human fashion. Behavioral Genetics is a quite complex field of study and the path towards the understanding the relation of genetics and environment to individual human behavior is a long and difficult one.There are instances that support the opening that behavior has a biological basis. Behavior is often reproduced in consecutive generations of a species. Drugs that chemically alter the brain have been shown to also alter the behavior of an individual furthermore, behaviors such as moral illness have been known to run in families. Many studies have shown many different things.In fact, Behavioral Genetics is studied in many different fashions. In the traditional fashion, a researcher might use a set of twins to shell out an observation in which the biological and environmental effects are determined and sor ted through. In a more complex nature, the presence of the 21st chromosome is associated with mental retardation however, the brain processes that affect it are not clear yet. Many researchers have determined that genetics are the cause for many physical behaviors. A growing concentration on genes and behavior has many more considering the belief that genetics is a great factor in determining human behavior. Yet, on that point are many problems in simply using a blanket correlation between genome and behavior. It is extremely difficult to completely identify all some other possible causes for a certain condition and prove that it is caused solely by genetics. Genes do affect behavior however, not single genes.

The Function of Blogs :: Internet

The Function of BlogsThere argon so many things one could do with the relatively new medium of blogs. They can be almost anything a person wants a journal, a compilement of links, a scrapbook of information, or even a discussion board. The only definition Ive seen that can encompass it is that they are postings in revolutionize chronological order. Blogs are the newest Internet craze, but do they serve a purpose? Early on, undergo web users, who knew web-programming language, kept blogs to keep track of their promontorys wanderings. They were like a Captains log on the quest of discovery (Brown). For the average Internet surfer, they weeded out sites worth viewing from the rest. Now, sites like blogger.com have interpreted the work with web languages out of blogging, opening it up to the general public. New age blogs are seen as vain self publishing by experienced bloggers (Fitcher). I can see their point, as many inexperienced bloggers be to ramble on about themselves as if they are to be praised. They only seem to want attention. This has made me wonder, what is the point of personal blogs? All blogs must have some entertainment value otherwise no one would keep or read them. Entertainment isnt a very commendable purpose, but it has more value than watching television. It is better to be learning about news show events and stating your opinion on it than just hearing it. At least then youre developing your ideas, and the reading and writing will help develop communion skills. Bloggers learn to put more thought into what they say, or just the act of writing daily can help thoughts flow into words. A bloggers thoughts whitethorn stem from a news article they recently read. In this case they usually link you to the article and state their opinions, or point out diametrical aspects of it. Their comments are kind of a one-way discussion leading you down their train of thoughts. You can usually reply to what the author says, but the time correspond in respo nses may result in the authors lack of interest to questions posed. Walt Crawford threw an interesting concept my way in his article, Announcing Cubed Media about Media about Media. Blogs are just another form of media coverage. Our media affects how we think to a great extent. It is always rating other forms of media, and many blogs are no exception (Crawford).

Viriginia Woolf :: Author Viriginia Woolf feminism relationships

Viriginia Woolf (this essay has problems with the format)One of the greatest female authors of all time, Virginia Woolf, produced a body of piece of music respected worldwide. Driven by disobedient circumstances and internal conflict, her life was cut short by suicide. Her role in feminism, along with the personal relationships in her life, influenced her literary works. Virginias relationships throughout her life contributed, not only to her literature, but the quality of her life as well. Perhaps the greatest influence in Virginias life is her mother, Julia Stephen. Julia Stephen was the close arresting figure which her daughter Virginia Woolf tried to resurrect and preserve (Gordon 4). Woolf, a manic-depressive, found herself constantly searching for approval. Virginia needed her mothers approval in order to measure her sustain stature (Bond 38). Battling with a sense of worthlessness, Virginias mother helped her temporarily rid herself of self-criticism and doubt. This howeve r was short-lived. When Mrs. Stephen rejected Virginia, she felt her mothers disapproval directly related to the quality of her writing. Virginia Woolf could not wear off to reread anything she had written Mrs. Stephens rejection of Virginia may have been the paradigm of her failure to meet her own standards (Bond 39). With the death of her mother Woolf used her novel, To the Lighthouse to reconstruct and preserve the memories that unflustered remained. According to Woolf, the character of Mrs. Ramsey in To the Lighthouse was modeled entirely upon that of her mother (Bond 27). This helped Virginia in her closure when dealing with the loss and obsession with her mother. Although Virginia clung to the relationship with her mother, she favored her set out, Leslie Stephen. Virginia resembled her father uncannily in character traits, in her writing and self-doubts, in her great and malicious sense of humor, in her marriage, in her frugality, in her fear of aging, and in her societal consciousness. (Bond 59) They were both extremely outspoken while sparing no ones feelings with their comments. Virginia and Leslie both had strong personalities and rapid mood changes. Woolf portrayed her father, like her mother, through characterization in To the Lighthouse. Mr. Ramsey captures her father as a man of baffling mutability, a lightening switch from the most lovable of men, to a famished wolfhound and back again (Gordon 22). This portrayal of Leslie Stephens relates to his uncontrollable rages and mood swings. Leslie Stephen not only controlled Virginias mental development, but her intellectual development as well.

Dolls House: Themes And Theatrics Essay -- A Dolls House Essays

Ever since "A Doll House" first came to the stage in the 1880s, critics spend a penny argued vehemently about the Ibsens intentions while writing the looseness, and the ambivalence over the play confused not only the plays but also the audience while almost patrons praised the play, others stormed the stages in protest of Noras abandonment of her family. The difference of opinion ranged so far as to incite patron who, after reading reviews of the play that objected to the dialogue in the play, did not hear objectionable dialogues to accuse directors of censorship while in fact "not a word has been cut" and "the text they found so innocent contained every one of the enormities denounced by the critics" (Archer 20). Aware of the accusations that might be pointed at him, Ibsen, referred to by some as "enemy of the people," masterfully crafted this short take on containing the dramatic development of the heroine Nora along several themes in the proces s of stirring up overwhelming amount of controversy     One of the first themes in the play is the contrast between surface appearances and reality. From the beginning, Nora possesses every characteristic of an obedient gentlewoman and a submissive wife, but the audience knows that this picture is simply mistaken for instance, Nora, Torvalds knavish "little squirrel," disobeys Torvald by eating macaroons behind his back. It is interesting to note that to squirrel something means to secrete or store something away in a way kind of similar to how Nora slips her macaroon bag in her pocket Ibsen uses the word "squirrel" to signify the Nora who is cute and childish but at the same time points out her tendency to hide things from Torvald. In moving Nora in a stealthy devise to eavesdrop on her husbands door, the playwrights further accentuates the parallelism between Noras actions and the actions of a squirrel, but surely the cash in ones chips thi ng someone would think to compare a model housewife to would be a playful and secretive squirrel Further disclosure of "squirreling" around by Nora arises when Nora informs Mrs. Linde about the true identity of the signer of the loan taken out for the purpose of funding the vacation to Italy Nora and Torvald took to improve Torvalds failing health at the time. sooner Nora opens up to Mrs. Linde, everyone believ... ...e power of the written text, the playwright utilizes the characters of the childish yet ready to mature Nora and the protective and appearance-conscious Torvald along with the different aspects of theatre such as the well-decorated order of payment room set indicating the importance of money and wealth in the play and movements of the character such as the light and easy way Nora prances about and the fashion Torvald watches and follows Nora like a hawk carefully watches his eyas to ascertain that no danger comes to his young ones. In doing so, a masterfully written play and an even more artistically glamorous performance on the stage remain intriguing to readers and theatre-goers even after the curtains are drawn.BibliographyArcher, William. "Ibsen and English Criticism." William Archer on Ibsen. Ed. Thomas Postlewait. (London Greenwood, 1984).Bryan, George B. An Ibsen attendant A Dictionary-Guide to the Life, works and     Critical Reception of Henrik Ibsen. (London Greenwood, 1984).Ibsen, Henrik. "A Doll House." The Harcourt Brace Anthology of Drama. Ed. W. B.      Worthen. (London Harcourt Brace, 2000).

Virgin and Child with Four Angels by Gerard David Essay -- Paintings A

Virgin and Child with Four Angels by Gerard David The Virgin and Child with Four Angels was painted by Gerard David in about 1510, right in the middle of the Renaissance. The painting is rectangular in shape and appears to be about two feet long by maybe a foot and a half(a) wide. It is oil painted on wood and it looks to be in very good condition. The painting is an image, as its title suggests, of the Virgin with the infant baby Jesus. This, of course, was a very common subject during the renaissance and for years before and after it. There be countless paintings of the Virgin and Child from that time period, probably because of the exponent and forge of the church at the time. People were much more involved in the church and, therefore, the subjects they painted or requested to be painted were typically religious themes. Many also felt that by commemorating such religious figures it might even help them gain a spot in heaven. In any case, in this particular ver sion of the Virgin and Child there are also four angels in the scene - two who are flying above the Virgin holding a crown over her heard, and two who are sitting on either side of her playing instruments. beyond her there is a large archway that opens into a landscape with a view of some grass and trees, some architecture, and some mountains in the far distance. The arrant(a) is wearing a red garb and the baby Jesus is barely draped in some white cloth.That, of course, is a basic description at a quick glance. In examining the painting further, it becomes obvious that this is prime example of Renaissance painting. To begin with, the composition is completely balanced, almost symmetrical. The four angels are pose evenly around the Virgin, with two on each side. On one side an angel plays a harp and is balanced by an angel on the other side, strumming some type of guitar. The two flying above Mary are basically in the same position. Even the church in the stress seems to b e matched with a mountain in the distance. The columns and archway that border the painting are, in fact, completely symmetrical. And the Virgin and Child are in the center. It is, again, a attractively balanced composition, typical of the Renaissance. The composition is also completely filled, but not overcrowded. Even with the flying angels, the painting appears rational ... ...ead, which can also be seen on the wings of both of the angels holding it. Then again, that goldish hugh is seen in the instruments that then angels on both sides of Mary are playing. Blues and greens are used in a balanced manner throughout as well. On one side, the angel playing the harp is dressed in a light colored that is similar to the blue of the sky. The other angel is dressed in green, like the greens used in the trees and grass of the landscape beyond. The way these colors are painted, too, is very much in the style of the Renaissance. There is no visible brushstroke whatsoever. The entire painting is smooth, almost as if it wasnt really painted. This, too, adds to the realistic effect of the painting.The influence of the Italian Renaissance can clearly be seen in this painting by Gerard David. The composition is balanced illusionism through perspective creates a recession in space detailed modeling and shading make the painting appear realistic and human vibrant colors are spread throughout and a smooth, brushless texture adds to that realistic appearance. This work demonstrates the beauty and detail that was brought to if during the Renaissance.

Virgin and Child with Four Angels by Gerard David Essay -- Paintings A

consummate(a) and squirt with Four Angels by Gerard David The Virgin and Child with Four Angels was painted by Gerard David in about 1510, right in the middle of the Renaissance. The painting is rectangular in shape and appears to be about two feet long by peradventure a foot and a half wide. It is oil painted on wood and it looks to be in very good condition. The painting is an image, as its denomination suggests, of the Virgin with the infant baby Jesus. This, of course, was a very common subject during the renaissance and for years before and after it. There are countless paintings of the Virgin and Child from that time period, probably because of the power and influence of the church at the time. People were much more involved in the church and, therefore, the subjects they painted or requested to be painted were typically religious themes. Many also felt that by commemorating such religious figures it might even alleviate them gain a spot in heaven. In any ca se, in this particular version of the Virgin and Child there are also quartet angels in the scene - two who are flying above the Virgin holding a crown over her heard, and two who are sitting on either side of her playing instruments. Beyond her there is a large archway that opens into a landscape with a view of some(a) pasture and trees, some architecture, and some mountains in the far distance. The virgin is wearing a red garb and the baby Jesus is barely draped in some fair cloth.That, of course, is a basic description at a quick glance. In examining the painting further, it becomes obvious that this is prime example of Renaissance painting. To begin with, the composition is tout ensemble balanced, almost symmetrical. The four angels are placed evenly around the Virgin, with two on each side. On one side an angel plays a lie in and is balanced by an angel on the other side, strumming some type of guitar. The two flying above Mary are basically in the said(prenominal) position. Even the church in the background seems to be matched with a mountain in the distance. The columns and archway that border the painting are, in fact, completely symmetrical. And the Virgin and Child are in the center. It is, again, a beautifully balanced composition, typical of the Renaissance. The composition is also completely filled, but not overcrowded. Even with the flying angels, the painting appears lucid ... ...ead, which can also be seen on the wings of both of the angels holding it. Then again, that goldish hugh is seen in the instruments that then angels on both sides of Mary are playing. vapors and greens are used in a balanced manner finishedout as well. On one side, the angel playing the harp is robed in a light blue that is similar to the blue of the sky. The other angel is dressed in green, like the greens used in the trees and grass of the landscape beyond. The way these colorise are painted, too, is very much in the style of the Renaissa nce. There is no visible brushstroke whatsoever. The entire painting is smooth, almost as if it wasnt really painted. This, too, adds to the realistic effect of the painting.The influence of the Italian Renaissance can clearly be seen in this painting by Gerard David. The composition is balanced illusionism through perspective creates a recession in space detailed modeling and shading make the painting appear realistic and human vibrant colors are spread throughout and a smooth, brushless texture adds to that realistic appearance. This work demonstrates the beauty and detail that was brought to if during the Renaissance.

Mrsa Research Paper

MRSA Prevention in Ameri mickle Hospitals A Review of the Literature jenny ass Niemann AP Language and Composition Mrs. Cook November 4, 2010 Abstract Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a harmful and virulent antibiotic resistant bacterium that is a major concern in most American hospitals. Modern scientists are aiming to discover trenchant prevention methods for MRSA in hospitals, so productive prevention guidelines can be created. Clinical microbiologists such(prenominal) as K. Nguyen, J. Cepeda, and M. Struelens all conducted clinical trials in separate American hospitals.They employed divergent MRSA inhibition techniques, such as hand hygiene, isolation, and MRSA screenings, which were tried and true on a wide range of patients. The analyzed results revealed that despite controversies, methods exist that could be successful in preventing and controlling MRSA infections. Final Outline I. Introduction A. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) i s the most unremarkably identified and perhaps the most lethal antimicrobial-resistant pathogen in the world and the rates of this infection are steadily increasing globally B. (Bryce, 2009, 627). C.Current studies present numerous galosh measures that could provide an stiff regiment for preventing MRSA infections in hospitals. II. Body A. Kim Nguyens clinical study has perhaps gained the most media attention for its promise to show how plain, inexpensive measures, equal hand hygiene, can precipitate MRSA infection rates. 1. Study of hang hygiene program 2. Results of study 3. Evaluation of hand hygiene in prevention B. In the clinical trial conducted by Jorge Cepeda (2005), infective disease control professor at the University College London Hospitals, another preventative technique was investigated. . Description of isolation trials 2. Results of trials 3. synopsis of possible uses C. The consequence provided from another member indicates that screening for MRSA can also protect patients and reduce infection rates. 1. Clinical trials of screening 2. Results of trials 3. Potential flaws described III. finale A. In attempt to protect the safety of people in hospitals and in the community, there are numerous prevention methods that could be implemented to create a successful MRSA prevention regiment. B.All in all, MRSA is and extremely vitriolic and virulent bacterium, but with the use of newfound prevention methods, everyone can be protected. MRSA Prevention in American Hospitals A Review of the Literature Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the most commonly identified and perhaps the most lethal antimicrobial-resistant pathogen in the world and the rates of this infection are steadily increasing globally (Bryce, 2009, p. 627). According to an stratagemicle by clinical microbiologist, Jason Surg (2008) concurred, Recently, in American hospitals, the rate of MRSA infections was 31. per 100,000 persons admitted per year (p. 642). It is recorded that there are more than 100,000 cases related to MRSA per annum in the United States alone, adding up to an estimated health-care bill of over 5 billion dollars (Bryce, 2009, p. 627). Today many scientists believe because of MRSAs ability to quickly win into separate strains that there is no way to halt the spread of the bacterium (Bryce, 2009, p. 628). However, microbiology teams across the world have seen enormous success in reventing MRSA transmissions in hospitals with simple measures. For example Kim Nguyen (2009), Jorge Cepeda (2005), and M. Strulens (2010), all conducted clinical trials, performing different successful prevention tactics. Current studies present numerous safety measures that in combination could provide an effective regiment for preventing MRSA infections in hospitals. Kim Nguyens clinical study has perhaps gained the most media attention for its promise to show how simple, inexpensive measures, like hand hygiene, can reduce MRSA infection r ates.During the study conducted by Nguyen and her team in the Urology ward at the Texas Medical Center in Houston, Texas, more than 2377 patients were admitted and assessed throughout the two ingredient study (20008, p. 1298). The first section served as the indicator for baseline occurrences of MRSA in the ward, while during the second section the hand hygiene program was initiated. Nguyen (2008) explains the hand hygiene program by stating The hand hygiene program consisted of a 1h training program to all cater on the Urology ward and daily handling to train relatives and reinforce hand hygiene in all staff.Posters demonstrating hand hygiene were put up throughout the ward and bottles of SoftaMan hand hygiene practical application were mounted at patients bed ends. (p. 1299) The number of MRSA infections was then recorded for both sections of the study, and the data was analyzed. The ratio of infected patients compared to the number of admitted patients during each section res ulted in a 13. 1% infection rate in the baseline study, and a 2. 1% infection rate after the hand hygiene program was implemented (Nguyen, 2008, p. 298). Nguyen also recorded the estimated personal costs of the experiment, calculating that the SoftaMan antibacterial lotion cost about $0. 60 per patient, translating into a significantly lower cost than MRSA infection discussion (Nguyen, 2008, p. 1298). Contrary to popular belief that simple and inexpensive antiseptic hand hygiene programs do not significantly reduce infections in hospitals, the infection per centum rates in this study were decreased by 84% (Nguyen, 2008, p. 1298).With limited MRSA transmissions in the health care field, it could lead to better patient outcomes and safer hospital environments for patients and staff (Nguyen 2008, p. 1299). In the clinical trial conducted by Jorge Cepeda (2005), infective disease control professor at the University College London Hospitals, another MRSA inhibition technique was invest igated. Isolating MRSA colonised patients was the technique Cepeda and his team studied. The prospective trial was conducted in two general medical-surgical intensive-care units of two American teaching hospitals for 1 year (Cepeda, 2005, p. 95). All 21,840 entering patients were swabbed and tested for MRSA, and MRSA-positive patients were moved to a single cohort isolation room. While a patient was in the isolation room, policies for hygiene remained constant. 6 months into the study the practice of isolation was abandoned, and the rates of MRSA infection were once again recorded. The crude (unadjusted) Cox proportional-hazards model showed evidence of increased transmission during the latter non-isolation phase in both hospitals (Cepeda, 2005, p. 96). The evidence represented up to a 62. 2% decrease in the proportional-infection transmission rates when isolation was used (Cepeda, 2005, p. 295). Cepeda then concluded, Moving MRSA-positive patients into single rooms or cohorted bay s reduces cross infection (Cepeda, 2005, p. 297). However, Cepeda also reported possible flaws stating that, Despite lower transmission severity scores, isolated patients are visited half as often as are non-isolated patients (53 vs 109 visits per h) (Cepeda, 2005, p. 296).Because transfer and isolation of critically ill patients in single rooms carries potential risks, the findings suggest a stock of isolation could be used in intensive-care units where MRSA is endemic. Although isolation was successful in reducing MRSA, it was not a risk free technique, leading to the investigations of other unobjectionable prevention methods. The evidence provided from another article indicates that screening for MRSA can also protect patients and reduce infection rates. M. Struelens (2009), a member of the U. S. epartment of clinical microbiology, describes in his article that, Active surveillance (or screening) for MRSA carriers is the systematic use of microbiological tests able to detect mu cocutaneous carriage of MRSA by individuals without clinical infection (2009, p. 113). This strategy is regarded as highly effective because of its direct search-and-destroy nature. Screening is generally accomplished by swabbing areas such as the throat or nose, with recent technology allowing the cultures to be processed in less than 20 hours, with a 95% sensitivity rate (Struelens, 2009, p. 16). By identifying a carrier of the MRSA disease, the transfer of infection can be immediately stop by treating the source with certain antibiotics. This elimination of MRSA colonies not only prevents the spread of infection in hospitals, but the entire community (Bryce, 2009, p. 627). Struelens does mention MRSA screening flaws in his conclusion reporting that, There is an urgent need for health care professionals and diagnostic companies to assess the cost-effectiveness of these tools.In addition, greater harmonization of surveillance and typing schemes is needed to accelerate cooperation in an effort to control the MRSA pandemic (2009, p. 116). Besides minimal flaws, Struelens expresses hope for the future of MRSA surveillance due to its success and reliability in multiple different trials (2009, p. 117). In attempt to protect the safety of people in hospitals and in the community, there are numerous prevention methods that should be implemented to create a successful MRSA prevention regiment.The various techniques in MRSA prevention, which include hygiene programs, isolation, and surveillance, have all been clinically tested and proven successful. However, there is further research that can be conducted to determine the cost-effectiveness of these methods, as well as to establish the most successful approach to combining the prevention techniques. All in all, MRSA is and extremely deadly and virulent bacterium, but with the use of newfound prevention methods, everyone can be protected. References Bryce, E. (2009).Hospital infection control strategies for methicilli n-resistant staphylococcus aureus and clostridium difficile. American Medical Association Journel, one hundred eighty (6), 628-631. Retrieved from www. ebscohost. com Cepeda, J. , Whitehouse, T. , Cooper, B. , Hails, J. , Jones, K. , Kwaku, F. , et al. (2005). Isolation of patients in single rooms or cohorts to reduce spread of MRSA in intensive-care units prospective two-centre study. Lancet, 365(9456), 295-304. Retrieved from www. ebscohost. com Nguyen, K. (2008). Effectiveness of an alcohol-based hand hygiene programme in educing nosocomial infections in the Urology Ward of Texas Medical Institute, Texas. Tropical Medicine & International Health,13(10), 1297-1302. doi10. 1111/j. 1365-3156. 2008. 02141. x Struelens, M. (2009). Laboratory tools and strategies for methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus screening, surveillance and typing state of the art and unmet needs. Clinical Microbiology & Infection,15(2), 112-119. doi10. 1111/j. 1469-0691. 2009. 02698. x Surg, J. (2008). M ethicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus in hospitals. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 13(8), 642-643. doi10. 1111/j. 1445- 2197. 2008. 04605. x

Labour market research

Within the health, sector nurses constitute the largest proportion and it is consequential to appreciate the fly the coop that nurses do. They care for patients in private clinics, hospitals and at homes. Besides the bedside care they provide to patients nurses educate the public on disease prevention, health issues, home based care, and even give mental and emotional backing for terminally ill patients. These services provided may seem simplistic but in their absence, the effects are devastatingly profound. In this paper I choose to look for on the care for labor trade in Texas and seek to determine how nursing wages are calculated, factors that influence the supply and demand of nurses position, how a nurses ease up is determined and possibly recommended some actions that could add-on the supply of nurses in Texas.According to the Texas centered for nursing work force studies (TCNWS) the number of registered nurses in Texas stands at about 146,000-plus who work on either par t time or full time basis in health care settings. This constitutes the largest proportion of the work force in the state. Of the 146,000 registered nurses, 66% are employed in inpatient and outpatient hospitals. The remaining 34% are either self-employed or work in home based care, nursing schools, military institutions or school institutionsAlthough RN profession is the largest in Texas there has been concerns raised over the unprecedented shortage of nurses and it seems the falling out between supply and demand will preserve to rise. Stabilizing strategies should be implemented to bridge this gap.Factors determining supply and demand of nurses positionAn increase in the number of aging state has increased the demand of health care facilities and per person nursing services. Between 1990 and 2005, the number of people aged 65 years increased from 23% to 30.5 percent this is according to a TCNW report. (2006)Secondly is an increase in the population in Texas owing to increased b irths and immigrants, aliens and migrants from other states. In the 1990s, the population was 17 million people. To daytime it stands at approximately 23.5 million and it is projected that by 2015 the population should stand or teach 28 million. Consequently, demand for nursing services has increased.Thirdly, retired and aging nurses. In the past, the number of people who chose nursing profession as a career was few. Today most people choose to summation lucrative professions such as law and doctors. As such, there occurred a shortage in nurses. The current nurses are aged and demand for replacements is high as they look to retirement. . So, how does a shortage in nurses occur? Few nurses entering the nursing profession as compared to aging nurses exiting the profession. Difficulty to attract and retain nurses by employers. Few nurses qualified to provide acute services, advanced practice research and unwillingness to relocate to rural areasThe scenario at the national level is sim ilar to that in Texas. The increasing senior population, more immigrants, retirement of baby boomers and few qualified nurses increase demand for nursesRecommendations to increase supply of nurses The shortage of RN will continue to prevail and increase unless drastic measures are taken. The solutions to the shortage of nurses are varied depending on the causes of the shortage. Some hospitals confirm already implemented strategies to address these shortage These acknowledge increasing the number of full time employees in nursing programs and also to increase enrolments into nursing programs and the number of students who graduate from them. This would replace the aged, retired or dead nurses.Image is everything and if hospitals urgency to retain and attract new nurses, they have to rebuild the image. For example better pay packages and incentives, attractive overtime pay, flexible working times, better working conditions, demand program, recruiting aged nurses, mentorship and ro le modeling etc. implementation of loan forgiveness programs, which lure nurses to less attractive areas like rural areasDetermining of Nurses PayA fair and equitable profits and wages rate should be satisfactory to both employee and employers considerations should be guided by the slogan fair days pay for a fair days work That is, a salary that is commensurate to input and can sufficiently provide for basic needs, and cater for future ambitions, is that constitutes fair pay. The labor market as other markets is sensitive to forces of demand and supply.These forces among other factors determine price (wage rate) and quantity (number of people in the market). In Texas nurses, salaries are high given that it is a rural area. Most nurses are unwilling to relocate to Texas. This has led to higher salaries in order to woo more people to the profession. The level of experience is important in determining salary scale. A highly experienced nurse earns more than an inexperienced one. In ad dition, external factors beyond an organization also have a hand in contributing to setting prices.They include the cost of living, value of the job, economic conditions, presence of unions, laws etc. (Delaney 2006) some hospitals consider the regional pay differentials and pay according to the cost of living in the area. Legislative requirements dictate the minimum level of pay also determine salary rate. Unions have gruelling bargaining power and influence employers decision on amount of salary in a unionized labor market such as nursing. boilersuit salary determination is a complex issue and the determining factors vary across states.ReferenceDelaney, B (2000) Human Resources Importance of External Factors in WageDetermination. Retrieved on August, 24, 2007 www.hr.com//pay_strategies/base_pay/importance_of_external_factors_in_wage_determination_eng.htmlThe add up of and Demand for Registered Nurses and Nurse Graduates in Texas Report to the Texas Legislature Texas Department of State Health Services, Texas Center for Nursing Workforce Studies. Electronic Publication No. E25-12513, p.1) acquirable at http//www.dhs.state.tx.us/chs/cnws/sb132rep.pdf accessed on August, 24, 2007

Religion in Ancient China and Egypt Essay

Religion has played a very important role in society and the history of mankind for all over thousands of years. to begin with created by antediluvian patriarch quite a littles as a way to explain the unknown, righteousness has greatly evolved and spread across the globe. As new idollinesss have formed and spread, the transformation and similarities between these new religions have also increased, especially due to their geographic locations. Two civilizations in particular with some(prenominal) similar and distinct religions atomic number 18 antique chinaware, and antediluvian patriarch Egypt. Ancient Chinese religion and antique Egyptian religion share numerous things in common with each different, yet at the same time they are also vastly from one another. Even though there are similarities between many a(prenominal) of their perfections, beliefs, ideas, and practices, the expirations between the two religions helps clearly distinguish one from the other, and also helps identify their origins.In antique Egypt, people were constantly faced against immanent disasters, famines, droughts, and plenty of other natural phenomena. Without an explanation for all of these events, ancient Egyptians had to create an explanation of their own, and by doing so ended up creating their own religion. By creating a religion, these ancient Egyptians were able to provide explanations to each other for these natural phenomena by making them appear as if they were actions of the gods. In ancient Egypt, religion became a tool to help the Egyptians go somewhat their daily lives without having to worry about disaster striking all the time. The Egyptians began to believe that if they honored the gods correctly everything would be fine and nothing would go badly for them. One key part of the ancient religion was called maat, which was the order of the universe created by the gods at the start of time. Maat was crucial to the daily life of theEgyptians, and consi sted of ideas about truth, entirelyice, and moderation.The Egyptians were polytheistic, and believed in hundreds of different gods. Of these gods some were lesser and not as important while others were more important and powerful. The king of the Egyptian gods was called Amen-Re. He was accredited for all military victories, and was one of the most powerful gods. other very important god in ancient Egyptian religion was Aten the minor sun god. At one point Aten was decreed the only when god in Egypt by the pharaoh Akenhaten and was to be the only god worshipped, however, after his death Egypt returned to worshipping all of its old gods. A few other gods that were important to Egyptian religion were Osiris the god of fertility and the underworld, Isis the goddess of funerals, Anubis the god of embalming and burial, and Thoth the god of wisdom and learning. Along with gods, another important part of ancient Egyptian religion was burial rituals. Burial rituals held a lot of signific ance to the ancient Egyptians because they believed that their buildings, prayers, and burial ceremonies were designed to reflect and keep the status of the dead person in their next life.Just like the people of ancient Egypt, the people of ancient China also used religion as a way to explain the unknown and natural phenomena that they encountered. People in the Shang Dynasty worshipped many different types of gods as well including weather gods, sky gods, and river gods, however the most powerful god was Shang-Ti. Shang-Ti was the supreme god who ruled over all of the other gods. Similar to Shang-Ti was Tien, which translates to Heaven, who also ruled over the other gods, but Tien also decided who would be the emperor moth or empress of China by giving them the Mandate of Heaven. The Mandate of Heaven was the right to rule granted to the emperor or empress from the gods, and it was believed that whenever an emperor or empress wooly power it was because Tien had revoked the Mandate of Heaven. maculation the people of ancient China worshipped many gods, another very important part of ancient Chinese religion was ancestor worship. The people who lived under the Shang Dynasty strongly believed that whenever their ancestors died, they became similar to gods, and deserved to be worshipped as if they too were gods. Each family inthe Shang Dynasty would not only worship the gods, but would also worship their own ancestors. Along with ancestor worship, during the late Shang Dynasty, people in ancient China also began to use written oracle bones to try to predict the future and also to communicate with the gods.Ancient China and ancient Egypt were both two sophisticated civilizations that created a religion as a way to explain the natural phenomena they encountered and the unknown. Although different in many ways, their religions do share many similarities with each other. One of these similarities is that both of the religions are polytheistic. In both Chinese and E gyptian religion, there are many different gods, and each god rules in their own do master(prenominal). However, not only do both religions have more than one god in them, but also many of the gods from both religions are very similar to each other in the sense that they rule over the exact same thing. For example in ancient Chinese religion there is a sky god, just like the sky god in ancient Egyptian religion. Another similarity that both religions have in common with each other is that each religion has its own high god that rules above all of the other gods.For the Chinese it is Shang-Ti, the supreme god who rules above all of the others, and for the Egyptians the supreme god is Amen- Re. Along with similarities between their gods, both ancient Chinese and Egyptian religion also share a lot in commonamongst their burial rituals. In ancient China and ancient Egypt the people held a strong belief in an afterlife after death. Which is why in both ancient China and ancient Egypt, du ring the of burials of their leaders, pharaohs and emperors were buried with large amounts of treasures and other material items to help prepare them for their next lives. One more similarity between the two religions is that in both ancient China and in ancient Egypt the rulers were viewed as gods. In Egypt the pharaoh was viewed as being the direct descendent from the gods and was seen as a god himself. In ancient China the king of the Zhou dynasty was also viewed as the descendent of the spirit god, and was also seen as a godlike figure.While there are many similarities between the religions of ancient Chinaand ancient Egypt, there are also many differences between the two that clearly separate them from each other. One of the main differences between the two religions is the practice of ancestor worship. To the ancient Chinese ancestor worship played an extremely important and essential part in their religion. While the ancient Egyptians did have plenty of respect for their ance stors, ancestor worship did not occur amongst them on the scale that it did amongst the ancient Chinese. Along with ancestor worship, another difference that clearly separates the two religions is in their burial practices. While there are some similarities between their burial practices, there are also differences.One difference between the two burial practices is that the Egyptians preferred to preserve their dead because they believed the dead would need their bodies in the afterlife where as the Chinese tended to either bury or cremate their dead. On top of different burial practices, the ancient Egyptians also spent immense amounts of resources building elaborate pyramids to house their dead pharaohs. Even though the ancient Chinese did build elaborate tombs for their dead emperors, they did not spend nearly as much effort or time as the Egyptians did. Furthermore, the ancient Egyptians tended to clean out the organs of their deceased before wrapping them up in linens where as the Chinese would wrap up the bodies of their deceased in silk and would not remove the internal organs.Originally used as an explanation for the unknown, religion evolved into a huge part of society. Two societies where religion became a very meaning(a) part of daily life were ancient Egypt and ancient China. Both of their religions appear to have similar origins, and purposes and share similarities in practices, gods, beliefs, and customs. While there is much in common between the religions of the two civilizations, there are also many differences between the two religions including their worshipping and burial practices. Separated by thousands of miles, these two civilizations created their own religions that held many similarities with each other, but also had significant differences to help clearly separate the two.BibliographyBellah, Robert N. Religion in Human Evolution From the Paleolithic to the Axial Age. Cambridge, MA Belknap of Harvard UP, 2011. Print.Pu, Muzhou. In Sea rch of Personal Welfare A View of Ancient Chinese Religion. Albany State University of New York, 1998. Print.Teeter, Emily. Religion and Ritual in Ancient Egypt. Cambridge Cambridge UP, 2011. Print.An mental home to the History and Culture of Pharaonic Egypt. Ancient Egypt An Introduction to Its History and Culture. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Mar. 2014.Egypts Golden Empire. New Kingdom. Religion. PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2014.

A Matter of Time

A Matter of Time By Shashi Deshpande. Feminist Press at the CUNY, 1999. Reviewed by Sudha S. Balagopal I first read a A Matter of Time a fewer years ago, when it was published in India. The book made a rich impression on me, with its sensitive story of rebuilding and hope. After its more recent release in the US, I read it again, enjoying it even more. Very few books can lay claim to that fact for me. In A Matter of Time, a pay off, named Gopal, with three almost-grown girls, decides he has had enough of marriage and its binding ties, and walks out on his family.In a culture where marriage, to many, is the be-all and end-all of existence, where responsibilities outweigh desires, this expression to be free of all bondage in itself is strange and different to say the least (unless of course, it is for sacred reasons). Sumi, Gopals wife, and his three daughters, seek shelter with her parents. Coincidentally, Sumis parents themselves have a relationship that is more than strained. Th ey are husband and wife in name only, inhabiting the same nominate with virtually no communication between the two of them. The three girls, Aru, Charu and Seema are bewildered and adrift.They all want normalcy. But what is normalcy once a father has walked out on his family? Sumi, the m opposite, is extraordinarily collected, to the point of indifference. How they learn to cope with this dislocation is the story that Deshpande spins for her readers. Ofcourse this is not the only story-it is also the story of all the families that are intimately linked to Sumis. The one problem I had with A Matter of Time was the abrupt introduction of characters. Deshpande does not describe how some of the people are related to the main character as they come into the picture.In the beginning, I had a problem sorting out the various relationships. And in this I do not mean the central family of Sumi, Gopal and their three daughters. It is all the other family members the cousins, their children, Gopals nephew and his wife and their children, the grandparents tenants and a host of others. It is said in India that when you bind a man you marry his whole family. It is the same with Deshpandes book, where the reader is forced to accept Sumi and her entire clan, including the complex network of her relatives and well-wishers.That fact apart, Deshpandes characters develop as you read on. The interior workings of a family are examined so clearly, making me see my own family in many parts of the book. The book is also a mirror of a society in transition. The change in Indian society is skillfully elaborated through the different generations in this book the grandmother Kalyani who is not actually educated, Sumi who is educated but doesnt work outside the home, Sumis sister Premi who is a successful doctor, and the young girls Aru, Charu and Seema, who all aspire for careers and independence.The old and the new co-exist in a family that is modern, but with certain old values. Wit h a style that is lilting and gentle, Deshpande draws us into an intricate web of family relationships, without passing judgement on any other characters deeds. For the reader, however, there is no escaping the clutches of emotion or feeling.

History of Nursing Research Worksheet Essay

Nursing interrogation covers key issues, including health promotion, human responses to illness, acute deal out nursing seek, symptom management, cost-effectiveness, vulnerable populations, health services, and community-based nursing studies (Henly, 2013). Sigma Theta Tau Journal produce by this organization is now called ImageThe Journal of Nursing ScholarshipFirst published 1967 impressiveness This widely read and respected diary features peer-reviewed, thought-provoking articles representing question by some of the worlds leading nurse researchers.Reaching health professionals, energy and students in 90 countries, the Journal of Nursing Scholarship is focused on the health of people throughout the world. It reflects the societys dedication to providing the tools necessary to alter nursing care around the world (Hegyvary, 2011). Research in Nursing and Health First published 1978 Importance a general peer-reviewed research diary devoted to publication of a wide range of research and theory that will inform the perpetrate of nursing and other health disciplines.It has influenced on nursing education administration, health issues connect to nursing, and testing research in practice (Research In Nursing & Health , n. d. ). Western Journal of Nursing Research First published 1979 Importance The dissemination of research studies, book reviews, questionion and debate, and meeting calendars, all directed to a general nursing audience. It has risen to the challenges of the dynamical nursing research field, providing an innovative forum for nurse researchers, students and clinical practitioners to participate in ongoing scholarly debate (Conn, 2013).Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing PracticeFirst published 1987 Importance Research and Theory for Nursing Practice (former named Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice) focuses on issues relevant to improving nursing practice, education, and patient care. The articles strive to discuss knowledge development in its broadest sense, reflect research using a variety of methodological approaches, and combine several methods and strategies in a single study. Because of the journals international emphasis, article contributors address the implications of their studies for an international audience ( springing cow Publish Company, 2013). employ Nursing ResearchFirst published 1988 Importance To present original, peer-reviewed research findings clearly and directly for clinical applications in all nursing specialties. Regular features include Ask the Experts, research briefs, clinical methods, book reviews, news and announcements, and an editorial section. Applied Nursing Research covers such areas as pain management, patient education, discharge planning, nursing diagnosis, job stress in nursing, nursing influence on aloofness of hospital stay, and nurse/physician collaboration (Applied Nursing Research, 2013).Nursing Science QuarterlyFirst published 1988 Importance Nursing Science Quarterly (NS Q) is a peer-reviewed quarterly journal publishing original manuscripts focusing on nursing theory development, nursing theory-based practice and quantitative and qualitative research related to existing nursing frameworks, contributed by the leading theorists, researchers and nurse executives (Nursing Science Quarterly, 2013). make and Utilization of Research in NursingFirst published 1982-1983Importance The Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing (CURN) project, an organizational approach, was designed to develop and test a model for using research-based knowledge in clinical practice settings (Morse, 2006). Annual Review of Nursing ResearchFirst published 1983 Importance The purpose of this annual review is to critically examine the full gamut of literature on key topics in nursing practice, including nursing theory, care delivery, nursing education, and the professional aspects of nursing.ARNR has brought together internationally recognized experts in the fields of nursi ng, and continues to deliver the highest standards of content and authoritative reviews of research for students, researchers, and clinicians (Springer Publishing Company, 2013). AgenciesEstablishment date and goal or function American Nurses Association (ANA) Council of Nurse Researchers Established 1972 Goal The Council of Nurse Researchers helped with the development of research endeavors, gave opinion to meritorious research, and facilitated the discussion of research ideas (Burns Grove, 2009).National Institute for Nursing Research (NINR)Established 1993 Goal NINR is to promote and improve the health of individuals, families, communities, and populations. NINR supports and conducts clinical and basic research and research training on health and illness across the lifespan to build the scientific foundation for clinical practice, prevent disease and disability, manage and eliminate symptoms caused by illness, and improve palliative and end-of-life care (National Institute Of N ursing Research,

Political Bias Based on Demographic Region

The biases the media has ar bigger than conservative or broad. Theyre about getting ratings, about making money, about doing stories that ar easy to cover. This may face like a trite saying but it holds an enormous amount of truth. As the Statesns, we trust what reporters write in the intelligence operationpaper and say on television and radio stations. We expect them to report the truth. How constantly, current media outlets distort stories and certain word reports are getting too much attention.The most important stories are never seen on television, or read in the newspaper, or heard on the radio stations, plot of land minor and trivial stories get the most news coverage. Hence celebrity engagements, divorce, entrance in rehabilitation centers and DUI cases are sold to the media. American people are then left without valuable information impertinent to what story is getting 24-hour news coverage.Media bias is a term utilised to describe prejudice in news and media repor ts, in which it is perceived as an dissymmetry or unfair presentation of facts or selective reporting of which events or facts are reported. The main point here is when biases in media distorts certain stories, and opposite stories are spoken about entirely too much, it hurts democracy in America. The media, in that case, fails to focus on real issues that underlie the American culture, it has one-sided opinions, favoring a liberals point of view, and it caters to the majority, favoring the wealthy.Media biases causes the America people to become misinformed or too well informed, often due to the tendency of the media covering unimportant stories about celebrities, while overlooking issues like war, poverty, disease, violence, and education. The media content and news coverage rarely display the underlying issues that the American people face. Rather, it that acknowledges news that may appeal to the listening because of its dramatic or entertainment value. Senator Barack Obama recognizes the failure of the American media in updating America with real issues at Southern New Hampshire University Commencement We see it in a media culture that sensationalizes the trivial and trivializes the profound in a 24-hour news network bonanza that never fails to keep us posted on how many some other(prenominal) days Paris Hilton will spend in fall back but often fails to update us on the continuing genocide in Darfur or the recovery effort in New Orleans or the poverty that lagues too many American streets The media bonanza on Paris Hiltons 14 day jail sentence was among one of most overplayed (unimportant) stories recently because TV news ran hundreds of hours of news coverage, while only showing 60-second sound bites of yet a nonher death of an American soldier in combat in Iraq. Paris Hilton, a hotel heiress and the star in the media spotlight, was sentenced to a 14 day jail sentence at Century Regional Detention Centre in Lynwood, California on a traffic viola tion. The news media made the story seem so valuable and significant to report for so many hours.Some reporters believed that she deserved to be placed in jail because too many celebrities dont receive the justifiable punishment they deserve like ordinary citizen because they are wealthy. Others believed that her jail sentence was too uncivilized just for a DUI charge, it was unfair and that she became the victim because of her prestige and as a famous figure in America. While Fox News, MSNBC, CNN, and ABC were breaking in the entertainment news, debating whether her punishment was too cruel or justifiable, they failed to inform the American people about.When Hurricane Katrina unfolded in New Orleans, the media placed a lot of dramatic biases on the issue and missed the underlying point, misinforming the public. On August 23, 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck down in New Orleans becoming one of the most devastating natural disasters to hit the United States. The media unfolded the ev ents that those most make in the black community, remained in New Orleans looting stores in search of food and water that werent available by any other means. On the other hand of the issue, white Americans were wading through chest-deep waters finding soda and bread floating in the water from a food market store.But while Paris Hilton was hogging the headlines the media failed to report that during that week the Washington wager reported that about $854 trillion offered by allied countries worldwide after Hurricane Katrina. To date, the Post reports, only $40 million in foreign aid has been funneled to the Gulf Coast. The story goes this way Apparently the Bush administration was stymied on what to do when offered this aid, since the U. S. is not usually in a position to need or accept such assistance. How, and from whom the $40 million was accepted is unclear, but what is eminently clear is that $800 million could have put the rebuilding of the Gulf Coast into fast forward mod e). This goes to show that the media is filled with close-mindedness in which entertainment news surpasses hard news any time. 5 Instead of bringing American people together to work in effort to make children lives better, the economy better, the living welfare of families better, the media devours our interest to have a difference by resembling soap operas and commercial television shows. Dateline is the same as ER or Friends.They all have to compete for blush time audiences. CBS and 48 Hours is the same as Everybody Loves Raymond. Notice how importance never enters into the equation. Notice how there isnt even a pretense to public interest. TV news has become celebrity trials and runaway brides, and sex while foreign bureaus are closing and news budgets are shrinking and we become a people ever more thoroughly entertained than informed, even as we live through the most dangerous and portentous days in recent history. The media also has the tendency to uphold one-sided opinion s, favoring liberals, whereas the mainstream media holds liberal biases.Liberals in a political sense relate to ideas and theories of government in which they advocate individual liberty, for example, race, abortion, affirmative action, homelessness, and gay rights. They use liberal principles and ideas that influence their news coverage and or selection of stories. Liberal biases undermine the American value. In the controversial book, Bias A CBS Insider Exposes How the Media Distorts the News, Bernard Goldberg said diarist doesnt see their views as liberal but merely reasonable and civilized. In contrast, the media, for the most part, is helpful in feeding the mass with stories that reflect America.In fact, America has never been provided with a broad arrangement and providers of news. However, government cannot solve the problems of media bias because part of the media bias is in part of political government decadence. The government embraces liberal views The media only identi fies problems for the government to solve, such as poverty, disease, and violence. To solve the problem of media bias, educational groups are needed to educate people about wanting to understand the truth and prerequisite a balance in media coverage through advocacy and petitioning.

Using Appropriate examples, discuss the Elitist and Pluralist Approach to Governance

In this Essay, our main aim of discussion is to build a general understanding about how boldness sustain capacity researchers image evaluating organisation sustainability and how the proposed models and frame kneads changed over time. The analysis is carried out from the perspective of several aspects, foc utilise on the methods, tools and models proposed for organisation sustainability assess custodyt, noning the organisation level of evaluation (the organisation level, a broader intentness of value set up level, or a specializeer product, overhaul or process level).Two other aspects of the research were the definition of sustainability in the proposed models with regard to sustainability di workforcesions, and different empirical studies conducted using the proposed theoretical models. Administration is a long and slightly pompous word with various humble meanings. The word judicature was derived from the Latin words ad and ministiare which content to religious service. T o address is to manage, direct or serve. It in like flair means to care for or to look after community or management of affairs. In simple terms, brass instrument is the process of managing affairs.It is practised by all kinds of compositions from household to the most complex system of the judicature. For instance the giving of instructions by the husband to the wife in a home to prepare food, looking after ailing of the children by the mother and preparing tea and all the duties that a husband deems fit in a home all comes to the validation in that particular home. When it comes to the government, the collection of income-taxes by Income-tax Departments, the disbursement of salaries by the Treasury to the functionrs pretend few instances of judgeship.Administration may be specify as the organization and direction of human and material resources to turn over desired ends. Administration is mainly concerned with proper organization of men and material to achieve desire d ends. It consists of doing the work or getting the work d hotshot by others. The problem of court arises, whenever and wherever men live together. Man being a social animal, the activities of a man in society are to be properly organized and managed. Without a proper organization and management, it would become difficult for men to live together.Administration is therefore a necessary activity of every human grouping. It may be called technology of social relationships. It involves rational organization and management of men and material. Administration comes in two forms namely unrestricted and orphic. Private administration refers to activities of a household, club corporation or company which are semiprivate organizations. humanity administration is delineate in various forms. everyday administration can be defined as popular policy, management of world affairs or as government in performance.In everyday administration, we refer to the activities of the State perform ed by the central, provincial or local government. humankind administration can be defined in many various forms. To some thinkers, public administration is termed as the fulfilment or enforcement of public policy as declared by the commensurate authorities. It deals with the problem and powers, the organization and techniques of management involved in carrying out the uprightnesss and policies formulated by the policy making agencies of government. Public administration is right in action as it is the executive side of the government.In addition, public administration is similarly an art, science of management as applied to the affairs of State, a science of administration which has to do with government and thus concerns itself primarily with the executive branch were the work of the government is d atomic number 53 as earlier stated. From the above definitions, we have noned that public administration in the wider sense includes all the activities of all the three branches of the government namely the legislative, executive or judiciary which put on the subject unwieldy and lead to confusion.In the narrow sense public administration is restricted to the organization and operations or activities of the executive branch moreover. Public administration is concerned with such(prenominal) questions as how law should be administered with equity, speed and without friction. It is the systematic execution of the will of the people which has been discovered, formulated and expressed in the form of laws by the legislature. The assessment and rating of taxes, for instance, the hanging of criminal, the saving of mails, the recruitment of army are all acts of public administration.Thus it may be said that public administration is the non-political machinery of the government carrying on its work for the welfare of the people according to the laws set up by the State. It is the permanent executive as distinguished from the political one. We moldiness at this sta ge also be sort out that public administration has to do with people and not with things. There is a school of thought which holds that in the future the tendency will be from the administration of persons towards the administration of things which does not carry any sense at all.Things may be arranged but ultimately it is the participation of the human element that matters. Things no doubt, are of great importance to the decision maker who arranges them but they cannot be administered by him. Administration has to do with human beings for which it is meant. It is managed by human beings and it serves human beings. It is essentially a matter of social relationships. It must(prenominal) not also be forgotten that the administrator is neither a philosopher nor a politician but the non-political aspect of the executive.He should administer law as it is. It is none of his business to criticize the acts and policies of the government. He should accept an exile from party politics and devote his attention to the sincere performance of his duties. Public administration has been put to two usages according to days modern authorities. It is termed to be an activity and it also refers to the discipline of intellectual inquiry and study. For example enforcement of law and order is an activity and is part of public administration.Public administration is also a discipline like political science, sociology, economics and so forth as such is a subject of study. It studies these activities and functions, frames concepts, formulates theories and shapes models. However, there are divergent views that govern the nature of the public administration such as integral view which engulfs public administration as a sum-total of all the activities undertaken in pursuit of and in fulfilment of public policy. These activities include not only managerial and technical but also manual and clerical.In this view, the definition covers a multitude of particular operations in many fields like the delivery of letters, the sale of public land, the negotiation of a treaty, the award of compensation to an injured workman, the quarantine of a sick child, the removal of litter from a park, manufacturing plutonium and licensing the use of atomic energy. The other view in the nature of public administration is called the managerial view. According to this view, the work of only those persons who are engaged in the performance of managerial functions in an organization constitute administration.It is these persons who shoulder the province of keeping the enterprise on even keel and to run it most efficiently. Their job is to plan, programme and organize all the activities in an organisation so as to achieve the desired ends. In this view, the term administration is also used in a narrower sense to refer to those patterns behaviours that are greenness to many kinds of co-operating groups and that do not depend upon either the specific goals towards which they are co-operati ng or the specific technological methods used to reach these goals.It is has been said that there is not any marked difference between public administration and private administration as both are conducted according to the same principle. The techniques of management and organization are common to both public and private administration. Accounting, statistics, office procedures, purchases, stocking, disposal are common to both types of administration. For instance an engineer does the same kind of work whether employed in a public under-taking or a private enterprise. The same employees do the same type of work with more than or slight the same procedures.Public administration has drawn heavily upon the knowledge and experience of private administration. All undertakings require planning, organization, command, coordination and control and in order to function properly, all must observe the same general principles. However, there are basic differences between public and private ad ministration such as political direction, profit motive, return and cost, nature of functions, public responsibility, uniform treatment, , efficiency, noncompetitive, officials remain incognito, psychological difference, financial meticulousness and greater social prestige.In political direction the great musical note between public and private administration lies in the fact that private is not subjected to political direction save in times of the gravest emergency unlike in public administration. The private administrators have their stimulate ends pursued by the own devices as they are not dependent on political decisions made by the government. The administrator under public administration has to carry out order which he gets from the political executive with no option of his own. The other distinguishing feature is Financial meticulousness.Public administration has to very care in financial matters as any misuse of a single penny will rag queries and accountability hence a government ruling or people heading sensitive financial ministries and departments may be found wanting. The misuse of public funds may raise a charge in the country and compel the government to resign. The public money is to be spent meticulously and according to the prescribed procedure. The executive does not control finance. We therefore do not find dichotomy between finance and administration in private administration. Profit motive also accelerates dichotomy between public and private administration.Public administration is conducted with the motive of service to people while the private administration is conducted with a motive of profit making in each and every time of running their business. An example of public administration can be cited as a school for the public. Schools are run by the government and the government offers education to the members of the public not because they should generate income but offering a service to its society for the sake of literacy. With private administration, an investor may register or build a factory in a particular area as a result of generating profit.Further, Greater Social Prestige Public administration carries a greater social prestige than private as the public administration render services to the people than the private hence it commands more respect than private. Service to the community is the basic urge characteristic public administration hence people equipped with ability, mature experience which enables them to promote and safeguard public interest man public administration. This therefore adds flavour to the social status and enhances their prestige. Service and cost.In the matter of public administration only such tally of money is raised by taxation which is necessary for the rendering of the service. In other words, there is an ultimate relationship between the service rendered and the cost of the service charged from the public. If you take a look at any government budget you will find th at it is generally a deficit budget i. e. where the disbursement exceeds income. In private administration income oftentimes exceeds expenditure because there is usually an attempt to exact as much money from the public as possible. If this does not happen, private administration opts for a closure.The nature of functions in public administration is also more comprehensive as it deals with various types of people. For instance, maintenance of the railways to facilitate feat of goods and passengers, provides posts and telegraphs to facilitate communications, maintains hospitals and dispensaries to protect public health. In terms of public responsibility public administration has a responsibility to the public to face all manner of criticisms from the public, media and various political parties because they are bound hand to foot to public tasks.The visibility of public administrators is another(prenominal) notable difference between public and private sphere of influence. While a manager in a private business may work in relative obscurity, the public manager must interlock in the public eye. His or her actions are constantly subjected to public scrutiny. The publicness of the work of the public manager doesnt end in merely carrying out public policy, the public manager has to respond to the demands of the public. The inevitable tension between efficiency and responsiveness, the pressure to manage effectively and to be simultaneously responsive to public concerns.This pressure often leaves public organizations in a no-win situation, trying to serve a public that demands effective government but balks at paying for it (taxes). The public also demands accountability in government, an assurance that those who formulate, implement and administer public programs will act responsibly. Government administration differs from all other administrative work by virtue of its public nature, the way in which it is subject to public scrutiny and outcry.A private administ ration would be regarded as quixotic if it allowed any considerations other than that of its own ultimate, if not immediate profit. Thus while public administration is directly responsible to the people to a very great extent, private administration is only responsible to the people indirectly and that too also to secure its own ends and not the welfare of the people. In addition the uniform treatment should be invariable in procedure and uniform in dealings with the public as far as public administration is concerned.The official has to chalk out colonised line of policy and to stick to it. He cannot show favour to some people and disfavour to others. A private administrator need not stretch forth much about uniformity in treatment. It can cater for various special needs and purposes, charging often what the traffic will bear without raising the storm of public protest which in the case of public administration would immediately arise if in government one law were devised for th e benefit of the rich and another for the poor.For instance, a shopkeeper may decide to give some chattels on credit to its regular customer buy may not extend this induction to any casual buyer. Such a feature does not occur in public administration. Further a clerk in the post office cannot sell stamps on credit to persons who are regular customers because the Post office is run privately but public hence no features of favours will be exhibited. Monopolism is also one of the features which distinguish public administration from private administration. The government does not allow private parties to compete with it.In private administration, several organizations can make the same brand in different forms to improve it for the betterment of the public whereas the government does not allow any private entity to emulate its products. For instance the responsibility of establishing Post and Telegram, Railways or coin currency cannot be given to any other persons or private body to do as they are solo fields of the government. As we go on, we discover that there is another difference between the private and public administration such as Officials remaining incognito.In private administration an entrepreneur does things on his own behalf and is well-known in the business circles and some businesses are even named after their own names whereas in public administration even the most senior officials remain incognito and their identity is not disclosed because whatever they do is done in the name of the government and not in their own name. The element of Efficiency also had a great effect on the public and private administration. It is felt by some thinkers that private administration is conducted on a level of efficiency as compared to public administration.It is a unanimous feeling that among members of the public that private administration operates in a more efficient manner than the public because of differential wage payments as an fillip to increase prod uction and attract staff of superior ability from rival firms, improving designs and so forth whereas Public administration is marked by red tapism, extravagance, corruption and inefficiency. In a private administration the incentive of more profits impels the individual to devote him/herself wholeheartedly to his business. This incentive is lacks to a great extent in the public administration.Consequently, the administration of public affairs cannot be made equal to the efficiency of private administration. The other factor that makes the public sector different from the private is decision making. In public administration, the decision must be and should be pluralistic. The founding fathers intentionally created a democratic republic where all key decisions are made in politicized environment. This allows for maximum participation spread debate, multiple veto points a decision making hierarchy where consensus must be achieved at each level, ideally, an informed decision.While pr ivate administrations decision-making is much more simple- its monopolistic or close to monopolistic. This type of decision-making would avoid any conflicts in interest hence, the goal is clearly defined. Finally, the quality that makes public sector different from private is in the form of unit analysis. Apart from publicly owned-companies, most public institutions are part of a larger chain of command and control where it is harder to draw a line between the different parts of the system- and where legal frameworks provide little help in this.For instance public agencies- like research councils or directorates of health- move closely with ministries as well as subordinate institution and users. The innovation activities in these institutions are heavily influenced by decisions made above and below the chain of commands. The closest parallel to private sector will be large conglomerates or multinational companies. The complex system of organizations with various (and to some exten t conflicting) tasks, is one of the reasons for the inefficiency of public administration. Inaddition, although political aspect is both apparent in public and private sector, political aspect is more important in the public than in the private sector. Policy decisions normally affect companies directly and indirectly, through laws, regulations and financial support. The public sector is at least formally controlled by elected politicians. The well-educated link between this governance dimension and funding of current expenses of the activities implies a very strong link between ownership and control on the one hand and the growth strategies of the subsidiary organizations.In conclusion, both the public sector and the private sector depend on each other to operate efficiently and to serve the interest of the general populace. They therefore work hand in hand to the good of the society. The distinction between public and private can be seen as one of the grand dichotomies of Western thought. It is also a dichotomy that dominates the field of public administration where it is mostly defined as a binary distinction between the realm of the state and the realm of the market. Both sectors are understood to be driven by different sets of competing and incompatible values.That is why discussions about this indication of the public/private dichotomy are preoccupied with questions of how to separate the two domains and the organisations operating within them. This clear-cut distinction between the public and the private sector which originated in economic and liberal thought is now often criticised in public administration for being an oversimplification of reality. Due to various political, social and economic transformation processes, there seems to be a blurring of sectors with the effect that a flotilla of mixed organisational forms has emerged that operates both in the public and the private sector.They are seen as having various degrees of publicness. non only are public organisations engaged in activities on the market place, there are also private organisations that engage in activities which used to be seen as exclusively public. And although performing of public tasks used to be something done within the borders and boundaries of the nation-states, these public tasks or in many ways now internationalizing and in some ways even globalizing

My house

I active in a small town which called Wborg. Here I operate with my family father, mother, brother and cat. We have been living in check of flats house since 1994. Our flat placed on the sixth outrage, we have a nice view on the nature from our balcony. On the first floor we have fence with hedge and lawn of ours home ornamented with animals. I live in a standard two dwell flat without facilities like a gym or sauna in flat. Big wardrobe with mirror staying in the passage w present we keep our clothes and shoes. The floor is parquet in the passage, living room and kitchen.In the living room a big Persian carpet with near stand up sofa-bed with cushions, curtain on the window, huge bookcase with fitted place for tv, folding table from wood standing in the center of room. Hole room in bright and brown colors and curtain in brown color too. In the bedroom I live with my older brother who is living here now. colourize of our room are white, brown and red. We have two sofa-bed wit h pillows where we are sleeping, wardrobe for me and brother, little dresser of drawers, large table where standing two computers with acoustic near 80 kilowatt.The main part of our room is horizontal bar with punching bag. It allows doing sport in a room without gym. The bathroom isnt separated with toilet still its both tiled in bright colors. Ordinary bath with shower standing in the bathroom, process machine standing there too, washbasin with drawer where we keep thing like shampoo, razor, shaving spark and something for bath. The main difference from kitchen of other people its bar. Its really comfortable to eat for it or sitting in internet. There are a lot of electronic device such as fridge, ooker, toaster, microwave, food processor, electronic kettle and laptop.We havent fitted kitchen and so we have a lot of cupboard and drawers. Big table standing in the center of kitchen where I with my family can have dinner together and share all news with them. Colors of kitchen are silver and blue. Unfortunately its better to live in the suburbs but I love to live here. It isnt far from city center and it close to all my friend. My home is where I feel safe and happy, where I am always welcome and where I can come in any difficult minute of arc and find help and comfort.

The Great Gatsby and Social Class

There are opposite types of people in this world people who do good and people who do evil. Their actions, thoughts, and intentions define them as the type of person they are. Writers such as William Shakespeare and F. Scott Fitzgerald overhear produced similar work that includes characters who share similar characteristics. Characters such as Daisy from The Great Gatsby and Iago from Othello contain similar characteristics. Although Daisy and Iago ply polar motives, they share identical jerry-built schemes which construct similar cause on others.Both characters through with(predicate) their actions, thoughts, and intentions, are defined as bad people who do evil to manipulate others and income tax return expediency of them. To begin with, the differences in the midst of both characters are their motives. Daisys motive is wealthinessiness and social class. This is evident when Jordan explains how Daisy was profoundly in sleep together with a soldier (Gatsby) and that s he was caught packing her bag on a winter wickedness to go to New York and say good bye to the soldier. Then she got engaged and married Tom Buchanan, Jordan goes on to explain that Daisy got a string of pearls valued three hundred and fifty thousand dollars.But the twenty-four hour period before the wedding she gets drunk, holding a letter in her hand and says she changes her mind. This shows her true colors Jordan explains how Daisy is genuinely gay when she knew she was going to marry Tom who is rich. She likes the idea of the wealth and social security she gets from marrying Tom hardly when she gets drunk her true self comes out and set ups Jordan to take back the pearls and tell every whizz that she changed her mind. She cries that she changed her mind again and again, besides that she does not want to marry Tom any much.This shows that deep down she is still in love with Gatsby however, she is more in love with the wealth and social class Tom can provide for her is she m arries him. Then, Jordan says that she and her mothers maid locked the door and got her in a cold bath while she was holding on to the letter. Jordan says that she overlyk it in the tub with her and squeezed it up into a wet b either. The next day at five o quantify she married Tom without as much as a shiver. Jordan does not say whom the letter is from precisely it is believable it is from Gatsby overseas who wrote the letter to Daisy from overseas and her true emotions came out when she got drunk. Fitzgerald 75, 76). Iago, on the other hand, has a different motive Iago pursues power unlike Daisy whose motive is wealth and social class. This is shown when Iago plots how to get Cassios position in the army and to get revenge on Othello and Cassio, Cassios a proper man let me have straighta behavior to get his place and to plume up my allow for in double Knavery. How? How? Lets see. After some time, to abuse Othellos ear. That he is too familiar with his wife (I. iii. 383-387). Iago is planning for vengeance against Cassio and Othello because Othello promoted Cassio instead of Iago which he is upset about.It is shown here that Iagos motive is power and that he turns into a jealous colossus (III. iii. 168) because he did not get the power he wanted. Therefore, it is evident that the difference between both, Daisy and Iago is their motives. Daisy seeks wealth and social class while Iago on the other hand craves power. Secondly, one of the similarities between both characters is the unreal schemes. Daisy deceits Gatsby for her own advantage, she uses him and plays with his love for her. This is illustrated when Daisy contradicts herself Daisy, that is all over now, he said earnestly. It doesnt matter anymore. Just tell him the truth - that you neer love him-and its all wiped out forever. She looked at him blindly. Why-how could I love him-possibly? You never loved him. She hesitated. Her eyes fell on Jordan and me with a sort of appeal, as though she c omplete at last what she was doing- and as though she had never, all along, intended doing anything at all. But it was done now. It was too late. I never loved him, she said, with perceptible reluctance. Oh you want too much she cried to Gatsby. I love you now-isnt that enough?I cant help whats past. She began to sob hopelessly I did love him once- plainly I loved you too. I want to speak Daisy alone, he insisted. Shes all excited now Even alone I cant say I never loved Tom, she admitted in a pitiful voice. It wouldnt be true. (132,133). Daisy realizes Gatsbys obsession with her so she decides to take advantage of him. To become Tom who is cheating on her, jealous. Daisy uses deceptive strategies to make Gatsby believe that she loves him and only him and it is just an act put up by her to make Tom jealous.When Gatsby asks her to say she never loved Tom she uncomfortably admits but later she changes her mind and tells him he wants too much. She lies to Gatsby and says what h e wants to hear at first but then spits out the truth that she does love Tom or at least(prenominal) the perk that Tom comes with. This is an example of Daisys deceptive actions causing Gatsby to believe what is not true. Similarly, Iago shares deceptive intentions which cause Othello to believe that Desdemona (his wife) is unfaithful to him.This is demonstrated by Iago when he feeds Othello lies about Cassio possibly having an affair with Desdemona, Look to your wife, find out her well with Cassio Wear your eyes thus not jealous, nor secure. I would not have you free and imposing nature, Out of self-bounty, be abusd. Look tot I know our country disposition well (III. iii. 200-203). Iago creates misgiving in Othello. Othello as gullible as he is creates a greater suspicion in him and forms a green monster in him which is what Iago wanted all along.Iago feeds Othello a lie which causes Othello to believe what is not true. As a result, it is evident that both Daisy and Iago are p rime examples of characters that are similarly deceptive. Lastly, another similarity between both characters is the effect on others from their deceptive actions. Daisy deceptive ways result in three terminations, one of which she committed and one suicide. This is portrayed when Daisy kills myrtle and Gatsby who is blindly in love with her, willing, takes the blame, Did you see any rile on the road? he asked subsequently a minute. Yes. He hesitated. Was she killed? Yes Was Daisy driving? Yes, he said after a moment, but of course Ill say I was. (143). Daisy kills Myrtle by hitting her with a car while Gatsby was sitting next to her.Gatsby loves Daisy greatly enough to take to blame for it which is convenient for Daisy because Myrtle was Toms mistress. Daisy kills Toms mistress and leaves Gatsby to suffer the consequences. Gatsbys foolish decision of fetching the blame results in his death and a suicide by Mr. Wilson who kills Gatsby. The chauffeur-he was one of Wolfsheims proteges-heard the shots-afterward he could only say that he hadnt thought anything much about them. There was a faint, further perceptible movement of the water the fresh flow from one end urged its way toward the drain at the other. It was after we started with Gatsbys toward the house that the gardener saw Wilsons body a little way off in the grass, and the holocaust was complete .Daisys actions results in Gatsbys death and another death of Mr. Wilson. Mr. Wilson not knowing the truth assumes Gatsby s the murderer of his wife. He kills Gatsby by shooting him when he was in his pool and then commits suicide right after. Likewise, Iago affects others along the same lines. His deceptive actions also result in three deaths, one of which Iago causes and one suicide. Iagos lies get the best of Othello into turning into a jealous monster to the point where Othello loses control and killed Desdemona. This is demonstrated when Othello locks her in their room, Down, strumpet Kill me tomorrow let me live this night Nay, if you strive- But half an hour Being done, there is no pause. But while I say one prayer Its too late O, Lord, Lord, Lord *He smothers her* (V. ii. 80-85). Iagos evil deceptive deeds successfully fool Othello into believing Desdemona was unfaithful to him when she was not. As a result he kills her by smothering her to death. When Emilia sees this she tells Othello the truth that Desdemona was faithful and Iago was lying. This causes Iago to stab her so she could speech no more of the truth. (V. ii. 230-235). Othello realizing he was cheated by Iago, runs at Iago to wound him and then stabs himself. V. ii. 350-355). Therefore, it is evident that both characters had similar effects on others. Both effects include 3 deaths, one of which the characters cause and one suicide. Although Daisy and Iago carry different motives they share similar deceptive schemes which cause identical effects on others. Daisys motive is wealth and social class but Iag o intends to achieve power. However, both characters share similar deceptive plans. Daisy fools and takes advantage of Gatsby to make Tom jealous. Likewise, Iago fools and takes advantage of Othello to make him jealous.They also affect others similarly both characters cause three deaths, one caused by themselves and one suicide. Therefore, it is evident that the similarities out weight the differences. The quote that relates to acts of both characters is I love the world, but humanity is what makes it ugly. (Ives, 33). This quote has a very deep moment to it and is very strong. It describes to the reader that the world will be a break up place if humanity tries to make it a better place. The sooner the meaning of peace and love is understood and accepted the sooner the world will be a better place.

Starbuck’s: Delivering Customer Service

Starbucks Delivering Customer Service Christine Day, Starbucks senior vice president of presidentship in conjugation America, believes recent market research indicates guests atomic number 18 not satisfied with Starbucks guest service. To address this concern, she is proposing to invest $40 million to profit transshipment center clock of days in rove to reduce node keep back clip. Day believes at that place is a direct correlation between node wait times and their boilers suit blessedness with service. Starbucks has implemented a secret shopper program in enunciate to spot drive away pedigrees on their service, cleanliness, increase graphic symbol and fair(a) wait times.The goal for average client wait time is 3 routines. The secret shopper scores for the past 5 quarters have shown a negative correlation between node service and average wait time (exhibit 1). As average customer wait time decreases, the average secret shopper scores increase. In response, Day feels that adding an additional 20 hours to each of the 4500 North American Stores volition reduce the customers wait time and in turn, increase their over every customer satisfaction scores. Days computer program will have the largest seismic disturbance on the following(a) three major stakeholders shareholders, employees/partners and customers.Starbucks shareholders are primarily interested in the plans impact on retained earnings and long term growth. Investing an additional $40 million dollars will reduce the shareholders short term earnings. Investors who were looking forward to larger dividend checks would be disappointed, just now investors who were interested in the long term growth of their portfolio whitethorn support Days plan if she could show how this investment would positively impact customers loyalty and improve the comp eachs future profit potential. Assuming the partners were looking for additional hours, this plan would be opineed favorably by investmen t firm baristas and employees.During peak periods of business, they would have another employee to help share the cropload and it could reduce the stress of rush hour on each soul partner. The popularity of this plan would be different depending on each incloses location, layout and manning. Stores with insufficient work flows could create or enlarge bottlenecks and the additional manpower whitethorn actually increase wait times. On the other hand, stores who have a hard time recruiting employees may not want to burden their existing overworked employees with an additional increase in hours.In some stores, partners would prefer to reduce the quantity and complexity of operational drinks instead of increasing available hours. Starbucks is known for innovative and seasonal drinks and over the years, the knowledge want for baristas has dramatically increased. Baristas are constantly challenged to learn more than complex drinks and still perform to the 3 minute metric. Reducing the number of drinks offered may be an appropriate solution if there is evidence to show that there are a number of very unpopular drinks, but we do not have any current sales or market data to support those decisions.Additional research needs to be performed in order to assess this option. Customers visit Starbucks for a variety of reasons and those who value short wait times may approve of the saucy manning plan if indeed it results in shorter wait times. Customers who visit Starbucks for the quality of their coffee berry or the inviting environment may not increase the frequency of their visits because of a shorter wait time. Customers who value the intimacy and face-to-face attention their local Starbucks provides may actually disapprove of the plan to increase manning if it interrupts their established relationship with their sure barista.In 2002, Starbucks surveyed their customers to find out what store qualities they attribute to customer satisfaction. The top 6 of these responses referred to the actual store, relationship with the rung and product quality. Wait time was ranked 7th on the list (exhibit 2). This survey suggests that investing $40 million to decrease the wait time might not have the desired impact on customer satisfaction. There is an inherent issue with self reported customer surveys that may have influenced these findings. Customers may not realize what influences their opinions and what constitutes good customer service.What they think they value and what they actually use to make purchasing decisions may be different. In addition, each customer will have their own bias when evaluate customer service because they all value different experiences and relationships with their local Starbucks. If you look at the secret shopper findings and the self reported customer service surveys jointly, you could devise that customers may give high cleanliness, service and product quality scores if their wait time is shorter regardless of the stores actual level of cleanliness, service and product quality.The shorter wait time may have influenced the customers opinion on the other store attributes. Another measure of customer service besides secret shoppers and customer surveys is the number of repeat customers. Customers take with their feet and if they continue to patron Starbucks stores, they are voting that they are satisfied customers. In exhibit 8 of the Starbucks case, it is reported that in 2002, 73% of Starbucks customers have been visiting Starbucks for over a year. Only 23% of customers were new that year. This report suggests Starbucks has d ace a good job at reducing customer churn and they are already satisfying their customers.A common error when trying to measure and improve customer satisfaction is use quantitative metrics. Customer service is a qualitative experience that is very subjective for each individual. toilsome to influence someones overall customer satisfaction by improving only one quantit ative metric may not give you the intended impact to your overall customer satisfaction scores. Day needs to understand the limitations with her single metric plan and realize that she needs to address all aspects of customer service for an overall improvement.In order to understand the variety and complexity of the issues impacting their 4500 stores, Day needs to enlist the store managers to fully understand what each store needs to improve customer service. Increasing available hours may help some stores while others may need new equipment or a re-designed work space. Days plan to uniformly increase labor hours over-simplifies the potential needs of the individual stores. Empowering the managers would hike individual ownership and commitment. The managers guidance would ensure Day allocated the $40 million nigh ffectively to not only reduce customer wait times but to increase overall customer service. During this process, Day may find out managers are frustrated with Starbucks aggressive growth. In metropolitan areas, growth has led to cannibalization of customers which undermines the managers efforts to increase customer loyalty. Quality customer service is an individual experience that requires a personal interaction between customers and employees. It is more difficult to create a undestroyable experience and relationship if customers are constantly changing from store to store.Managers will lose their indigence to encourage these relationships if they feel another Starbucks will open nearby and steal away the loyal customer base they have worked to create. Starbucks value proposition to their customers concentrate on three goals quality coffee, polished service and an inviting atmosphere. These three attributes are focused on building customer loyalty. Starbucks loyal customers (8 or more visits a month) account for 62% of their revenue. This group of established customers value high quality coffee and Starbucks meets this need through mass customiz ation.Starbucks gives customers the ability to specialize their drinks to fit their individual tastes in order to create customer loyalty. This evidence suggests that Starbucks needs to continue to allow for individual drink customization in order to increase customer loyalty even though it may increase their average wait time above their three minute goal. Loyal customers are their largest source of revenue and if their perceived value is relate on quality coffee, they would not want to risk losing this source of steady revenue.Starbucks lacks a strategic selling group who is responsible for managing their overall marketing plans, promotions and research. Marketing was internally viewed as the responsibility of all senior executives, but as their corporation continued to rapidly grow, the executives could not keep up with their primary responsibilities and in effect contribute to the strategic marketing plan. As a result, Day states Weve been operating with the assumption that we do customer service well. But the reality is weve started to lose sight of the consumer. In addition, Day admits we tend to be keen at measuring things, at collecting market data, but we are not very train when it comes to using this data to drive decision making. Both of these statements validate the concern that Starbucks needs to hire a senior executive who will make marketing their chief responsibility. They need a central surgical incision who will integrate their market research with top level decision making, and manage promotions, such as frequency programs, so they are using their resources in the most effective way to increase customer loyalty.The marketing department should not only collect data from their own customers, but they should consider hiring a marketing firm in order to ensure they are collecting unbiased information intimately themselves and their competitors. Using research on their competitors will allow Starbucks to have a more comprehensive view on th eir industry and growing trends or concerns from their available customer base. This will also give them the information they need in order to attract new customers from other competitors.Days preliminary research shows more resources need to be given to accurately capture their customers interests to ensure they are get together high standards of customer service to create and keep loyal customers. Her original plan to invest $40 million to increase labor hours is not the most effective use of resources because each individual stores needs are unknown. Quality customer service cannot be achieved by concentrating on a single quantitative metric. Customer service is a personal, qualitative experience only the individual store managers can gauge and deliver.Day needs to work with store managers and a marketing department to formulate a more comprehensive plan to measure and improve customer service. unwrap 1 The AVG line is the average of the secret shopper scores for Service, Clean liness and Product Quality. The compiled average increases as the average customer wait time decreases. EXHIBIT 2 These are the top 7 attributes grouped by category reported in Starbucks 2002 self-reported customer survey. Store Attributes, relationship with staff, product quality were all reported to have a higher impact on customer satisfaction than wait time.